Liquid chromatography-pulsed amperometric

High-performance liquid chromatography-pulsed amperometric detection Mopper et al. (1992)... 

Pulsed amperometric detection (PAD), introduced by Johnson and LaCourse (64, 65) has greatly enhanced the scope of liquid chromatography/electrochemistry (66). This detection mode overcomes the problem of loss of activity of noble metal electrodes associated with the fixed-potential detection of compounds such as carbohydrates, alcohols, amino acids, or aldehydes. Pulsed amperometric detection couples tlie process of anodic detection with anodic cleaning and cathodic reactivation of a noble metal electrode, thus assuring a continuously cleaned and active... 

LaCourse, W. R. and Johnson, D. C., Optimization of waveforms for pulsed amperometric detection (P.A.D.) of carbohydrates following separation by liquid chromatography, Carb. Res., 215, 159, 1991. 

Tomiya, N., Suzuki, T., Awaya, J., Mizuno, K., Matsubara, A., Nakano, K., and Kurono, M., Determination of monosaccharides and sugar alcohols in tissues from diabetic rats by high-performance liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, Anal. Biochem., 206, 98, 1992. 

CO Dasenbrock, WR Lacourse. Assay for cephapirin and ampicillin in raw milk by high-performance liquid chromatography-integrated pulsed amperometric detection. Anal Chem 70 2415-2420,1998. 

Mopper, K., C. A. Schultz, L. Chevolot, C. Germain, R. Revuelta, and R. Dawson. 1992. Determination of sugars in unconcentrated seawater and other natural waters by liquid chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection. Environmental. Science Technology 26 133-138. 

Other methods to detect adulteration include anion-exchange liquid chromatography in combination with pulsed amperometric detection (Stuckel and Low, 1995) and FTIR, FT-Ramen, and NIR Spectroscopy (Paradkar et al., 2002, 2003). 

Stuckel, J. G. and Low, N. H. (1995). Maple syrup authenticity analysis by anion-exchange liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43, 3046-3051. 

Koizumi, K.. Kubota, Y., Tanimoto, T., and Okada, Y. 1991. Estimation of the distribution of chain length of amylopectin by high-performance liquid chromatography with pulse amperometric detection. J. Chromatogr. 585, 233. 

Gil-Agusti, M., Carda-Brochm, S., Monferrer-Pons, L. Esteve-Romero, J. (2007). Simultaneous determination of tyramine and tryptamine and their precursor amino acids by miceUar liquid chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection in wines. J. Chromatogr. A., 1156, 288-295. 

The refractive index detection (RID), often used in high-performance liquid chromatography, is an interesting detection method in CE with a laser light source and a limit of detection (LOD) in the micromolar range. Electrochemical detection (ECD) and pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) of sugars are common and effective methods used in HPLC. Some recent communications show that the sensitivity of these detection methods in CE have an approximately 1000-fold better LOD than RID. Unfortunately, these de-... 

D. G. Swartzfager, Amperometric and differential pulse voltanunetric detection in high performance liquid chromatography, Anal Chem., 48,2189,1976. 

Kelly, K.L. Kimball, B.A. Johnston, J.J. Quantitation of digitoxin, digoxin, and their metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography using pulsed amperometric detection. J.Chromatogr.A,... 

The detection of the current generated by reaction at the surface of (usually) carbon fiber or copper microelectrodes at a fixed voltage is capable of low detection limits for electroactive compounds using amperometry, Table 8.14. Several approaches that allow the full possibilities of multiple electrode and pulsed amperometric detection (established techniques in liquid chromatography (section 5.7.4)) have been proven for capillary electrophoresis [508,511]. These methods are not widely used, possibly due to a lack of commercial products and support. Potentiometric detection with polymer-coated wire microelectrodes containing relatively non-specific ion exchange ionophores was used for the detection of low-mass anions or cations [510,511]. 

Christiansen AL, Rasmussen KE, H0iland K (1984) Detection of psilocybin and psilocin in Norwegian species of Pluteus and Conocybe. Planta Med 50 341-343 Donaldson MJ, Broby H, Adlard MW, Bucke C (1990) High pressure liquid chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection of castanospermine and related alkaloids. Phytochem Anal 1 18-21... 

Quigley ME and Englyst HN (1992) Determination of neutral sugars and hexosamines by high-performance liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Analyst 117 1715-1718. 

Any of the methods of detection used in liquid chromatography can be used in IC, though some are more useful than others. If the eluent does not affect the detector the need for a suppressor disappears. Common means of detection in IC are ultraviolet (UV) absorption, including indirect absorption electrochemical, especially amperometric and pulsed amperometric and postcolumn derivatization. Detectors atomic absorption spectrometry, chemiluminescence, fluorescence, atomic spectroscopic, refractive index, electrochemical (besides conductivity) including amperometric, coulometric, potentiometric, polaro-graphic, pulsed amperometric, inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry, ion-selective electrode, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, bulk acoustic wave sensor, and evaporative light-scattering detection. 

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