Liquid-Assisted Fabrication of Graphene-Based Electroactive Composite Materials

Ionic Liquid-Assisted Fabrication of Graphene-Based Electroactive Composite Materials 

Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Analysis, University of Turku, FI-20014, Finland 

Electrochemical Nanofabrication Principles and Applications (Second Edition) Edited by Dl Wei 

Conductivity in conjugated polymers was discovered several decades ago [1]. Since then, there has been major advances in the synthesis, characterization and applicability of conjugated polymers for different device applications. They all have in common a conjugated bond structure that allows for electron delocalization and charge transport along the polymer backbone resulting in unique electrical, optical and magnetic properties. Molecular structures for some commonly used CPs are shown in Fig. 7.1. 

CPs can be synthesized by chemically initiated polymerization, vapor-phase methods, photochemical polymerization or by electrochemical polymerization where the choice of polymerization method depends to a large extent on the final application in mind [2, 3]. Chemical polymerization usually produces powdery materials and is the preferred technique for large-scale production of CPs. The major disadvantages of chemical polymerization are the limited choice of suitable oxidants, introduction of impurities with the oxidant and difficulties to control the oxidation strength 

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