Lipopolysaccharide structure Vibrio

Despite the fact that many heptoses are by far less prominent in Nature than hexoses these monosaccharides are found both as metabolic intermediates, and as structural carbohydrates of bacterial cell walls.D-Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate is an important intermediate of the pentose cycle, and D-sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate is present in plants as an intermediate of the dark phase of photosynthetic reactions. L-Glycero-D-manno-heptose was isolated from the oligosaccharides obtained by partial acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli K-12 strain W3100 [153] and Haemophilus influenzae [154]. Both L-glycero-D-wtanno-heptose and D-glycero-D-ma o-heptose were isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio parahaemolyticus [155]. 

Vinogradov, E., Wilde, C., Anderson, E.M., Nakhamchik, A., Lam, J.S. Rowe-Magnus D.A., Structure of the lipopolysaccharide core of Vibrio vulnificus type strain 27562. Carbohydr Res 344 (2009) 484-490. 

As reviewed by Rietschel Cavaillon (1-3), the term endotoxin was coined by Richard Pfeiffer, a student of Robert Koch. Pfeiffer first identified endotoxin as an agent responsible for fever and shock in animals that were injected with heat-killed preparations of Vibrio cholerae, or organisms that had been neutralized with antibodies (4). Until the end of his career, he was unaware that the O-antigens of gramnegative bacteria were covalently attached to the substance he had called endotoxin. It fell to Boivin, Staub, Luderitz, and others to demonstrate the lipopolysaccharide nature of endotoxin, to show that it was the principal glycolipid component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, and ultimately, to solve its chemical structure (5-8). 

By use of different extraction procedures, two types of lipopolysaccharides have been isolated from a slightly virulent strain of Yersinia pestis Some structural information was obtained from methylation and periodate oxidation studies. The immunodominant moiety of lipid A has been shown to consist of a residue of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose, A-acylated with 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid. ° A lipopolysaccharide isolated from Y. enterolitica exhibits serological cross-reactions with lipopolysaccharides from Brucella abortus and Vibrio cholerae Common antigenic relationships between the lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli, Kloechera africana, and Salmonella aberdeen have been demonstrated. 

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