Link schemes

N -Carbamoylpyridinium salts such as (8) probably form crosslinks by initial reaction with a carboxylate anion to give a mixed anhydride (9), which then acylates a free amino group to form a peptide link (Scheme 4) (65JA4782). 

A relatively small number of (A-hydroxyamide) peptides have been prepared using the step-by-step or the fragment coupling strategy in solution,l45 4648-50 or the solid-phase synthesis approach. 51 The (A-hydroxyamide) tetrapeptide H-D,L-(BzlO)Ala-Glyt t[CO-N(OBzl)]D,L-Ala-Gly-NHPh 41 has been prepared by a step-by-step procedure, 45 which has been extended to the synthesis of the terminally blocked (A-hydroxyamide) hexapeptide Aci >[CO-N(OH)]Ala- Glyi >[CO-N(OH)]Ala 2-Gly-NHPh 42 having alternate A-hydroxyamide/ amide links (Scheme 13). 461... 

The peptide chains al, a2, and al are constructed by solid-phase methodology using Fmoc chemistry on the HMP resin. The peptides are then cleaved from the resin and assembled into the heterotrimer by stepwise regioselective cross-linking (Scheme 12). 

The cross-linking scheme using this method can make use of the native e- and N-terminal amines on carrier proteins as the source of primary amine for the condensation reaction. Added to the conjugation reaction is formaldehyde and the desired hapten to be coupled containing an appropriately active hydrogen. 

Careful examination of our retrosynthetic options suggested that bromocyclopentenone acetal 42 and bromocyclopentadiene 45 might serve our needs. To this end, we advanced to bromo enone 41 as a common link (Scheme 7).16 Despite the steric bulk offered by the... 

When cyclic alkenes are utilized as starting materials the metathesis reaction will lead to long chain polymers and/or cyclic oligomers [103, 104, 107, 108]. If a strained cyclic alkene is employed the reaction is effectively irreversible. Industrially cyclooctene (polymer Vestenamer), 2-norbornene (polymer Norsorex), and dicyclopentadiene (polymer Telene, Metton, Pentam) are used as monomers. Upon polymerization cyclooctene and 2-norbornene yield straight chain polymers while dicyclopentadiene also allows cross-linking (Scheme 5.56). 

Figure 12.5 DNA hybridization reactions performed on ZnO NR arrays. (A) Strong fluorescence emission is observed from a sample containing fully complementary ssDNA strands whereas no signal is detected from noncomplementary strands. (B and C) Concentration dependent assays displaying the detection sensitivity of ZnO NR platforms. Data shown in red and blue correspond to assays empolying a covalent and non-covalent linking scheme of DNA strands on ZnO respectively. (D) Fluorescence emission due to duplex DNA formation on open-squared ZnO NR arrays. The easy integration potentkl of ZnO NR arrays into high density platforms is...

Link schemes are often used in modelling biological materials such as proteins but have been used for zeolites by, for example, Sauer s group. Zeolites are suited to the link method because of their covalent framework. Problems such as reactions of molecules on a catalytic surface are better handled using boundary methods. 

Many commercial polymer matrices can be processed into single-component, moisture-curable systems by means of silane cross-linking (Scheme 1) [3]. 

Without adjustment mechanisms (e.g. exchange rates, import quotas), direct bilateral linking of cap-and-trade schemes leads to full price harmonization across the linked schemes. In a standard... 

Anger, N., 2008, Emissions trading beyond Europe linking schemes in a post-Kyoto world . Energy Economics 30,2028-2049. 

As discussed in Section 3, Australia s price cap is a major theoretical hurdle to linking. In linked schemes, NZ emitters would gain access to the Australian price cap, through on-selling of permits from Australian companies, and this could have budgetary consequences for Australia. 

A unilateral link between a trading scheme for international aviation/shipping emissions and a trading scheme for other sources. A unilateral link means that the international aviation/shipping trading scheme would accept allowances from the linked scheme for compliance, but the linked scheme would not accept international aviation/shipping allowances. 

The main effect of a unilateral link is that the market price in the other scheme will moderate the price in the scheme establishing the link (Mehling and ffaites, 2009). Depending on the design of the linked schemes, a bilateral link will tend to harmonize prices in the two schemes. ... 

The EU has expressed interest in linking its ETS with other domestic schemes. If such links are established, the international aviation sector in the EU ETS would be linked with the other domestic schemes directly or indirectly. If the linking agreement allows the airlines subject to the EU ETS to use the units of the linked scheme, e.g. US allowances, for compliance there would be a direct link. If the linking agreement does not change the list of allowances that airlines can use for compliance, there would be an indirect link through the impact on the price of EUAs. ... 

In addition, each scheme has an incentive to make smaller reductions to its cap over time, so that its participants become exporters of allowances to the linked scheme. 

---