Linen cellulose

Linen cellulose hydrolyzes at the acetal link. In acidic or neutral conditions, reducing oxycellulose is formed in alkaline conditions, a nonreducing oxycellulose is formed. The new end groups produced, then, are aldehydic in the first case and carboxylic in the second case. Hydrolysis and oxidation are nonuniform amorphous areas are attacked first (10). 

Enzymes are used to improve sorption properties of cellulose fibers, to increase specific area and volume of fibers, to remove pectin companions of cotton and linen cellulose. Enzymes also hydrolyze ether bonds on the surface of polyether fibers. 

The ordered area share in the linen cellulose is 83.6%, the weakly ordered area-5.1%, and disordered area-15.7%. During microbiological degradation the share of disordered areas in the linen cellulose decreases to 7.8%, and the share of ordered areas increases to 86.9%. The share of weakly ordered areas varies insignificantly. 

Fibers (see Fibers, survey) used in textile production can have a wide variety of origins plants, ie, ceUulosic fibers (see Fibers, cellulose esters) animals, ie, protein fibers (see Wool) and, in the twentieth century, synthetic polymers. Depending on the part of the plant, the ceUulosic fibers can be classified as seed fibers, eg, cotton (qv), kapok bast fibers, eg, linen from flax, hemp, jute and leaf fibers, eg, agave. Protein fibers include wool and hair fibers from a large variety of mammals, eg, sheep, goats, camels, rabbits, etc, and the cocoon material of insect larvae (sUk). Real sUk is derived from the cocoon of the silkworm, Bombjx mori and for a long time was only produced in China, from which it was traded widely as a highly valuable material. 

Vegetable (based on cellulose) cotton (qv), linen, hemp, jute, ramie Animal (based on proteias) wool (qv), mohair, vicuna, other animal hairs, silk Mineral asbestos (qv)... 

There is Httle difference between the wet and the dry stress—strain diagrams of hydrophobic fibers, eg, nylon, acryHc, and polyester. Hydrophilic protein fibers and regenerated cellulose exhibit lower tensile moduH on wetting out, that is, the elongations increase and the strengths diminish. Hydrophilic natural ceUulosic fibers, ie, cotton, linen, and ramie, are stronger when wet than when dry. 

Other Cellulosics. Rayon is bleached similarly to cotton but under milder conditions since the fibers are more easily damaged and since there is less colored material to bleach. Cellulose acetate and triacetate are not usually bleached. They can be bleached like rayon, except a slightly lower pH is used to prevent hydrolysis. The above fibers are most commonly bleached with hydrogen peroxide. Linen, dax, and jute requite more bleaching and mil der conditions than cotton, so multiple steps are usually used. Commonly an acidic or neutral hypochlorite solution is followed by alkaline hypochlorite, peroxide, chlorite, or permanganate, or a chlorite step is done between two peroxide steps. A one-step process with sodium chlorite and hydrogen peroxide is also used. 

Vegetable Cotton, linen Fine fibers Cellulose, a polymeric carbohydrate... 

A basic scientific investigation of fire retardancy, however, remained to be initiated by Gay-Lussac in France at the request of King Louis XVIII in 1821 who was again interested in reducing the flammability of theater curtains. This researcher noted that the ammonium salts of sulfuric, hydrochloric and phosphoric acids were very effective fire retardants on hemp and linen and that the effect could be improved considerably by using mixtures of ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate and borax. This work has withstood the test of time and remains valid to this day. Thus the basic elements of modern fire retardant chemistry had been defined early in recorded history and remained the state of the art until early in the twentieth century. The most effective treatments for cellulosic materials being concentrated in Groups III, V and VII elements. 

Schweitzer s reagent chem An ammoniacal solution of cupric hydroxide used to dissolve cellulose, silk, and linen, and to test for wool. shvTt-sorz re,a- 3nt scopoline orgchem CgHijOjH A white crystalline alkaloid that melts at 108-109°C, soluble in water and ethanol used in medicine. Also known as oscine. sko-p3,len ... 

The most widely used inorganic ester of cellulose is cellulose nitrate (CN), also called nitrocellulose or gun cotton. Celluloid is produced from a mixture of CN and camphor. It was first made in 1833 when cellulose-containing linen, paper, or sawdust was reacted with concentrated nitric acid. It was the first synthetic cellulose product that was recognized. Initially, CN was used as a military explosive and improvements allowed the manufacture of smokeless powder. A representation of CN is given in structure 9.7. 

Cotton and Other Cellulosic Fibres. The dominant natural cellulosic fibre is cotton, the other natural cellulosic fibres, or bast fibres, include flax, linen, jute and ramie. The so-called regenerated fibres, which include viscose, modal fibres and lyoceU (Tencel), are made by various chemical treatments of cellulosic substrates. The dyeing and printing of cellulosic fibres and materials is carried out using, in decreasing order of scale and importance, reactive, direct and vat dyes. ... 

Carbohydrates are of tremendous importance to all of us. They make up a large part of our food supply in the form of sugars and starches. Another carbohydrate called cellulose helps to clothe us (cotton. linen) and shelter us (wood). 

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