Line parameters

Also refer to Table 24.1(b). The variation in line parameters considered here and produced in Table 24.1 (b) may be due to change in line configuration and spacings.)... 

There will be three such parallel circuits to make it 60 kVAr. To calculate equivalent capacitance and reactance in delta, we may convert it into an equivalent star as shown in Figure 23.24(b) by maintaining the same line parameters as in Figure 23.24(a). If the impedance of each phase in delta is Z, then to maintain the same steady-state line current, 4 , in star also let the equivalent impedance of each phase in star be Z. Then,... 

Table 24.1(a) Typical line parameters per circuit for HV and EHV transmission lines... 

Note The line parameters will vary with system voltage, configuration of line conductors and their spacing between ihejnselves and the ground, tower configuration, etc. 

Velocity of propagation of electromagnetic waves — 3 X I o km/s (more accurate values are determined in Table 24.1 (b) for the line parameters considered). 

The effect of p.f. can be controlled by shunt capacitors, near the load point and the Ferranti effect by altering the line parameters. Since... 

The transmitting-cnd voltage in terms of line parameters can he represented by... 

Let us consider the primary distribution network of Example 23.2 as shown in Figure 24.25(a) leeding an LT load ol 29.4 MW at 0.98 p.1. through a 33/0.4 kV transformer. The following line parameters have been considered ... 

For ease of calculation, let us consider the impedance of the transformer as its leakage reactance, ignoring resistance and draw an equivalent circuit diagram as in Figures 24.25 (b) and (c) Assuming the length of the primary distribution line to be 15 km, the total line parameters will become... 

Figure 2. Evolution of diffusive (Jm, continuous line) and internalisation (/u, circles) fluxes with time for a system with two internalisation sites (Section 2.1.2). Fraction of coverages of each site type, 81 and 82, are indicated with dashed lines. Parameters Dm = 10-9m2 s 1,= l(E4molm 3,r0 = l(E4m,Km,i = l(E5molm 3, Am,2 = 10 3 molm 3,rmax,i = 10 8molm 2,rmax,2 = 10 n molm 2, i = 10 2s 1 and kj = 1 s 1...

Jang, S. S., Josepth, B and Mukai, H. (1986). Comparison of two approaches to on-line parameter and state estimation problem of non-linear systems. Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 25, 809-814. Jazwinski, A. H. (1970). Stochastic Processes and Filtering Theory. Academic Press, New York. Liebman, M. J., Edgar, T. F., and Lasdon, L. S. (1992). Efficient data reconciliation and estimation for dynamic process using non-linear programming techniques. Comput. Chem. Eng. 16, 963-986. McBrayer, K. F., and Edgar, T. F. (1995). Bias detection and estimation on dynamic data reconciliation. J Proc. Control 15, 285-289. 

Finally, on-line parameter estimation allows one to diagnose parameter drifts [12]. 

When we are solving for an unknown spectrum, each data point contains some information about the component spectral lines. A data point far from the center of a given line would be expected to contain very little information about that line. A hypothetical model of the spectrum could incorporate widely varying estimates of the amplitude of that line without influencing the fit to the data point in question. Three data points moderately distributed near the line center—say, spanning the interval between the half-maximum points—affix the parameters of the line more reliably. Instead of taking equally spaced samples of a trial solution as independent unknowns (the deconvolution approach), we can express the sought-after true spectrum in terms of its spectral-line parameters—amplitudes, half-widths, positions, and so on—provided that we can assume such a model with some confidence. 

High-voltage spade interrupted auxiliary gap 15-40,000 3-20 RF Least sensitive, most precise, 1% or better. Excites higher energy lines. Parameter selection allows variations between arc-like and spark-like in spectral excitation. 

Figure B3.6.9 Quenching of fluorescence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on denaturation. Fluorescence emission spectra are shown for native TNF (solid line), guanidine-unfolded TNF (dotted line), and acid-denatured TNF (dashed line). Parameters TNF concentration, 30 pg/ml Xex = 280 nm bandwidths ranging from 16 to 24 nm. Measurements made using Perkin-Elmer MPF3 spectrofluorimeter. Reprinted from Hlodan and Pain (1994) with permission of Elsevier Science.

Carbon Is Electron Line Parameters Spectra From Plasma Treated Wool Fiber... 

Solution Symbol Lines Parameter i = 1 i =2 Mean deviation (%) Mean deviation21... 

The theory required to interpret the experimental absorption data is well established. The governing equation which links the measured transmissivity, Tv, at wavenumber V, to the absorbing species concentration and its absorption line parameters is the Bouguer-Lambert law of absorption... 

The and F NMR line parameters obtained for a powdered sample of trifluoroacetic acid have been interpreted (72) on the basis of dimeric molecules in this phase. However, the arrangement of these dimers in the crystal lattice appears to differ from that in trichloroacetic acid. 

Title line Parameter line 1 Parameter line 2 Parameter line 3 Parameter line 4... 

Figure 11.9 Comparison of the individual band profiles of a binary mixture with the single-component bands at the same sample size. Single-component profiles, component number in italics, for component 1 (narrow hatched line) and component 2 (narrow black line). Individual profile of a binary mixture with competitive Langmuir isotherm, component number in bold, for component 1 (thick lightly shaded line), component 2 (thick dark shaded line). Parameters k = 6, k x - 7.2, a = 1.2 bj = 0.03, bx = 0.036, = cjs,x = 800, L = 10 cm,...

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