Point maximum

From Section 2.1 it has become very clear that the synthesis of an ionic liquid is in general quite simple organic chemistry, while the preparation of an ionic liquid of a certain quality requires some know-how and experience. Since neither distillation nor crystallization can be used to purify ionic liquids after their synthesis (due to their nonvolatility and low melting points), maximum care has to be taken before and during the ionic liquid synthesis to obtain the desired quality. 

Specific gravity Average thermal expansion > coefficient J Transition point Softening point Maximum service temperature Bending... 

Melting point Maximum reaction heat Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrosopy System of naming chemicals Off-specification (low quality)... 

Upper dead point - maximum space between rotating piston and stator... 

PCI3 is triangular pyramidal, and all pyramidal (2 points maximum). 

Mixtures of SeCl4 and A1C13 show a melting point maximum of 203 2°C at a mixing ratio of 2 1 the orange material is believed to consist of Se4(AlCl4)2 on grounds of its IR spectrum (72). 

Krafft point, maximum reduction in surface or interfacial tension occurs at the CMC because now the CMC determines the surfactant monomer concentration. 

Determined by titration (the authors refer to it as the isoelectric point). Maximum surface coverage obtained from the Langmuir isotherm. Source Ref 206. 

Here, A is the stationary-state thermal conductivity and q is the heat of transfer. The results of the simulations for A and q ate shown as a function of surface tension in Figures 3 and 4. The transfer coefficients decrease in magnitude as we move from the critical point in the phase diagram (zero surface tension) to the triple point (maximum surface tension). It is reasonable that the surface becomes more resistive at high surface... 

Figure 7-5 illustrates the dimensionless concentration profile for the reactant A and product P, C,/(Ca0 + Cpo), for C o/Cp0 = 2, indicative of a maximum rate at the inflexion point (maximum in slope of the concentration-time curve), typical to autocatalytic reactions. 

Adsorbate loading, g/g solid 11, at break point maximum... 

The solubilities of micelle-forming surfactants show a strong increase above a certain temperature, termed the Krafft point (Tk). This increased solubility is explained by the fact that the single surfactant molecule has limited solubility, whereas the micelles are very soluble. As shown in Figure 6, at temperatures below the Krafft point, the solubility of the surfactant is too low for micellization, and solubility alone determines the surfactant—monomer concentration. As temperature increases, the solubility increases until at Tk the CMC is reached. At this temperature, a relatively large amount of surfactant can be dispersed in micelles, and solubility increases greatly. Above the Krafft point, maximum reduction in surface or interfacial tension occurs at the CMC, because now the CMC determines the surfactant—monomer concentration. Krafft points for a number of surfactants are listed in reference 11. 

At a turning point—maximum or minimum—we must have, as explained in an earlier chapter,... 

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