Lindane resistance

Linalool, 3 231, 232, 233 24 477, 495, 496, 500-503, 546 acid treatment of, 24 502 epoxidation of, 24 502 main producers of, 24 501 Linalool oxide, 24 502 Linalyl, 24 479 Linalyl acetate, 24 501 Linalyl alcohol, 24 500 Linalyl esters, 3 231 Linalyl oxide, 24 503 Lincomycin, registered for use in aquaculture in Japan, 3 221t Lincosamide, bacterial resistance mechanisms, 3 32t Lindane, 13 145-147... 

At a concentration of 5 to 25 wt %, increased the effective kill-life of the lindane spray up to 10 times. May have been used in chlordane and BHC insecticide formulations. In polyurethane resin adhesive adhesive containing 16 wt % PCB-1254. Also in formulations plasticized with 3 parts dioctyl phthalate and 1 part PCB-1254 to increase chemical resistance of various polyvinyl chloride (Monsanto, 1960.)... 

In Florida late in 1949 King ( 7) found that oil solutions of dieldrin, parathion, lindane, and toxaphene gave excellent control of resistant strains of larvae and that any of these insecticides would be effective substitutes for DDT. However, some of them are very toxic to animal life and must be used cautiously. 

Santana-Casiano, J.M. and M. Gonzalez-Davila. 1992. Characterization of the sorption and desorption of lindane to chitin in seawater using reversible and resistant components. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26(l) 90-95. 

In the public health area, the phenomenal but short-lived successes of DDT in controlling disease vectors was noted. In 1955 the WHO had embarked on a program to eradicate malaria. However by the 70s it was evident that the resistance of anopheles to organochlorine pesticides had clearly foiled this plan. 1962 was a peak year for insecticide application in malaria control (130M DDT, 8M Dieldrin, and 1M Lindane). 

Resistance to the cyclodienes was evident by this time and was known to extend to lindane and toxaphene but not to DDT. 

In both fresh and salt waters, lindane has demonstrated high stability. It is resistant to photodegradation but will disappear from the water by secondary mechanisms such as adsorption on sediment, biological breakdown by microflora and fauna, and adsorption by fish through gills, skin, and food. 

PBO played a very minor role in the possible extension of the life of Lindane as a grain protectant. In trials, the addition of PBO enhanced the toxicity of lindane against susceptible and resistant strains of T. castaneum at synergistic ratios of 5 and over 40, respectively (Udeaan and Katra. 1983), but this was of no commercial interest,... 

In 1984 resistance to Dl>l, lindane, organopbosphorus compounds, carbaryI. bioresmethrin and pyrethrins was detected in O. surimmensis taken from the held Attia and Frecker, 1984). The resistance factor was low for pyrethrins (2,3) and bioresmethrin (3 8) but very high for fenitrothion (>160). The inclusion of PBO in the assays reduced the latter to 10 or less. 

Udeaan, A S and Kalra, R.L. (1983 . Joint action of piperonyl butoxide and lindane in susccpiiblc and resistant strains at Tribalium easitnteurn llerbst. J. Entamol. Res. 7, 21-24,... 

One important group of insecticides, the avermectins, works differently by being agonists and not antagonists as the other, acting on the chloride channels. The avermectins are produced by Streptomyces avermitilies. The binding site is different, and cross-resistance to fipronil, the cyclodienes, and lindane does not seem to occur. The toxic symptoms in insects and mammals are different. Mammals poisoned with avermectins exhibit hyperexcitability, incoordination, and tremor followed by ataxia and paralysis. In insects and nematodes, the hyperexcitation phase is absent. Their symptoms are... 

The diagram shows some reactions catalyzed by glutathione transferase that may give resistance to DDT or DDT analogues, methyl parathion but not the ethyl analogue, and lindane. 

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