Synergistic ratio

Organism Insecticide Detoxifying Enzyme Inhibitor (Synergist) Synergistic Ratio... 

Note Synergistic ratio = toxicity without synergist/toxicity with synergist. Sources Kuhr and Dorough 1976, McCaffery et al. 1991, Walker and Oesch 1983. 

Toxicity Assays. The computed LC50 and 95% confidence interval and the synergistic ratio (SR) for each insecticide are contained in Table I. Control mortality was 5% or less in all experiments. 

Low synergistic ratios indicating antagonism by PBO (ratios from 0.15 to 0.33) were obtained with aldrin, parathion, malathion, aminocarb, and mexacarbate. PBO strongly synergized allethrin (SR 102). Assays where synergism was weak or absent... 

Table VIII. Synergistic Ratio for Carbaryl with Piperonyl Butoxide Applied Topically to Insects (46)...

Molybdate is never used on its own in open cooling systems, as the dose rate for protection of steel is on the order of 75 to 150 ppm Mo. It tends to be formulated primarily with various organic corrosion inhibitors in alkaline solution, and certain synergistic ratios permit the molybdenum content to be reduced so that the reserve of Mo in the cooling water is only 3 to 10 ppm. 

These examples of the limitations of bioassay methodology show that comparative interpretations of data from various sources can be confused and so lead to ill-reasoned conclusions of both the extent and description of resistance and synergism. As Yamamoto (1973) wrote. Synergistic effect is greatly influenced by the lest insect, formulation, pyrethroid-synergist ratio, method of administration and choice of response, cither kill or knockdown these experimental differences complicate [the] interpretation of results/ However, it is only on the basis of sound toxicological evidence that any theories concerning the mode of action of PBO, either alone or when in combination with another compound, must be founded. 

PBO played a very minor role in the possible extension of the life of Lindane as a grain protectant. In trials, the addition of PBO enhanced the toxicity of lindane against susceptible and resistant strains of T. castaneum at synergistic ratios of 5 and over 40, respectively (Udeaan and Katra. 1983), but this was of no commercial interest,... 

Strain Insecticide Synergist Median lethal dose, mg/kg Insecticide Insecticide + Synergist Ratio... 

Lee, R.M. and Brindley, W.A. (1974). Synergist ratios, EPN detoxication, lipid and drug-induced changes in carbaryl toxicity in Megachile pacifica. Environ. Entomol. 3, 899-907. 

Contact toxicity trials with d-limonene against adult cat fleas illustrated extremely fast knockdown time and mortality. A synergistic ratio of 3.2 was observed when piperonyl butoxide was also used on treated filter papers (5). 

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