Lignosulfonates freeze-thaw resistance

For concrete used in dam construction, the results shown in Table 1.23 [99] have been obtained. From these results, it will be seen that a reduction in the water-cement ratios was obtained and in the large majority of cases (80% of the specimens) an improvement in freeze-thaw resistance was obtained. In fact, the average resistance of admixture-containing concrete was 39% greater than the control specimens. The ability of the lignosulfonates to... 

Fig. 1.42 The freeze-thaw resistance of concrete containing lignosulfonates (sulfite liquor) under saline conditions.

Fig. 1.43 The freeze-thaw resistance of concretes of different cement contents in the presence of lignosulfonates (Hewlett).

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