Lifshitz salts

Both formulations stumble when the materials are real conductors such as salt solutions or metals. In these cases important fluctuations can occur in the limit of low frequency where we must think of long-lasting, far-reaching electric currents. Unlike brief dipolar fluctuations that can be considered to occur local to a point in a material, walls or discontinuities in conductivity at material interfaces interrupt the electrical currents set up by these longer-lasting "zero-frequency" fields. It is not enough to know finite bulk material conductivities in order to compute forces. Nevertheless, it is possible to extend the Lifshitz theory to include events such as the fluctuations of ions in salt solutions or of electrons in metals. 

In summary, the experimentally obtained FS topology of the k phase is principally in good agreement with the predicted band structure. Some of the salts exhibit an extreme 2D electronic structure, even by standards of ET compounds. Especially for /t-(ET)2l3 strong deviations from the 3D Lifshitz-Kosevich theory are observed. On the other hand, the dHvA signal of At-(ET)2Cu(NCS)2 is fully compatible with the 3D theory and even the extraction of the electron-phonon coupling constant was possible. The effective cyclotron masses for the MB orbit are 3.9 me for the first and 7me for the latter salt. How far this reflects the different TcS of these two compounds needs further investigation. 

The highly 2D nature of the FS may have directly been seen in a saw-tooth form of the dHvA signal [298, 372]. The shape of the saw-tooth described in this experiment is consistent with the predicted form of dHvA oscillations in a strictly 2D metal [326], However, a more explicit analysis of the data corresponding to the proposed 2D formula has not been done. In addition, all later experiments were analyzed with the usual 3D Lifshitz-Kosevich formula. In the previously discussed measurements of other salts where an enhanced harmonic content of the magnetic quantum oscillations were reported such a... 

The van der Waals interaction energy in salt solutions is reduced.f 11 In this case, Eq. (9) for the Hamaker-Lifshitz function is recast to give... 

As another example, the tropylium ion [3 J, which is stabilized by virtue of the 677 electrons spread over a heptagonal sp hybridized carbon framework [Hiickel s (4 4-2)7r rule with n = 1], is also unstable in the gas phase. Its formation from toluene or the benzyl cation has been a long-standing problem in organic mass spectrometry, and the reaction mechanism and energetics have recently been exhaustively discussed (Lifshitz, 1994). It was, however, isolated as the bromide salt by Doering and Knox (1954, 1957), and was the first non-benzenoid aromatic carbocation. 

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