Life cycle nutritional requirements

Feeding directly or indirectly from their hosts, parasites set themselves apart from commensals as their growth and/or development is arrested in the absence of a suitable host through lack of nutrition more usually, parasitic species in the phase of their life cycle requiring a host will die if one is not available and without a host they are unable to complete their life cycle. Commensals, whilst often found in association with their hosts, are not so dependent on them their nutrition may be facilitated by their hosts but they do not necessarily die in the absence of a host. There is obviously a continuum between the terms free-living and parasitic, with commensal somewhere between the two where one draws the line between commensal and... 

The whole life-cycle was only successful at an experimental scale using Anemia and live crabs zoeae (Iglesias et /., 2004), but in order to develop this technique to a commercial level is necessary to better define the nutritional requirement of the species and to use an adequate prey (enrichment for Anemia or inert diet) for first feeding. 

To feed captive jellyfish requires basic knowledge of the feeding behaviour of the species in their natural environment (Table 13.2). Most jellyfish and ctenophores are predators and most require living prey. The best is to feed with fresh zooplankton, but few caretakers have daily access. Feeding jellyfish with a variety of items is very important to ensure the growth. Newly-hatched Anemia salina nauplii are used to feed most jellies. This serves well as the basis during the entire life-cycle however, nutritional supplements are necessary. Without additions to their diets, captive jellyfish become deformed and may die. Dietary additives (encapsulated diets, e.g. produced by INVE) for A. salina nauplii are commercially available. 

The role of cereals in hnman and animal nntrition is covered in the last two chapters. Chapter 17 covers the important role of cereals in human nutrition and the new emerging area of how nntraceuticals, associated to different types of cereal grains, positively affect hnman health. This section contains many tables detailing the nutritional requirements of humans throughout their life cycle, as well as the chemical and nutraceutical composition of different types of cereal-based products. The last chapter deals with the importance of cereals and their by-products in animal nutrition. This chapter also includes tables detailing the composition of the different types of cereals, by-products, and processes commonly used to enhance the nutritional value of cereals for poultry, swine, horses, and ruminants, which provide most animal food products for human consumption. 

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