Levulic acid

Acetaldehyde, levulic acid, and pyruvic acid also react with furan and 2-methylfuran. Acetoacetic ester reacts, but does not give rise to definite products. Alkylvinyl ethers can be reacted as aldehydes.150... 

A recent extensive investigation has been carried out on furfuryl alcohol, which obviously protonates on the alcohol group and initiates the reaction, which yields levulic acid. 

E.41) (E.41) Pentanoic acid, 4-oxo-, 4-oxopentanoic acid, levulinic acid, levulic acid, -y-acetylpropionic acid [123-76-2] FEMA 2627... 

Electrophilic substitution of the carbonyl compounds occurs the more easily the less the carbonyl group is stabilized by mesomerism. It is increasingly difficult in the series ketone — acid chloride — acid anhydride — ester, carboxylic acid — carboxyamide.546 This gradation can be illustrated by, for instance, the bromination of levulic acid (4-oxovaleric acid) with 2 moles... 

The enol lactone of levulic acid is cleaved to carbon monoxide and an unsaturated ketone when heated with pieces of silica at 570° 64... 

Levoxin . See Hydrazine Levulic acid. See Levulinic acid Levulinic acid... 

Synonyms include Furyl Carbinol, 2-Hydroxy Methyl Furan, 2-Furan Methanol, Furfuryl alcohol resin. Furan resin, FA resin, Poly(furfuryl alcohol). Prepolymers of FA. It is a raw material for organic synthesis, producing levulic acid, resin of various furane kinds in different properties, furfuryl alcohol urea formal resin and phenolic resin. It is a fine solvent for furane resin and oil varnish and pigment as well as used in rocket fuel. It is also used in the production of synthetic fibers, rubber, agricultural chemicals and foundry products. Furfuryl alcohol resins are derivatives of agricultural waste products and complex polymers that are formed in a condensation reaction that occurs when the furfuryl alcohol is acidified. The resins have low viscosity with an odor of furfuryl alcohol. The resin systems are highly reactive and can be catalyzed using a variety of active and latent acidic catalysts. When thermoset, the resins produce polymers that are heat resistant and extremely corrosion resistant to acids, bases and solvents. 

An alternative route to dibenzothiophenebut3o ic acids has been developed involving reaction of 4-lithiodibenzothiophene with menthyl levulate, yielding, after ester hydrolysis, y-hydroxy-y-methyl-4-dibenzothiophenebutyric acid (139). The bulky menthyl group was employed to direct reaction to the ketone moiety of the levulate. Dehydration followed by catalytic hydrogenation yields y-methyl-4-dibenzothiophenebutyric acid, Friedel-Crafts cyclization of which yielded the ketone (140). ... 

The calcium levulate precipitate was separated from the reaction mixture by filtration and washed with cold water. The precipitate was suspended in water to give a thick slurry, and solid carbon dioxide added until the solution was colorless to phenolphthalein. A heavy precipitate of calcium carbonate was now present and free fructose remained in the solution. The calcium carbonate precipitate was removed by filtration, and the filtered solution was found to contain 1,436 g of fructose as determined by optical rotation. A small amount of calcium bicarbonate was present as an impurity in solution and was removed by the addition of oxalic acid solution until a test for both calcium and oxalic acid was negative. The insoluble calcium oxalate precipitate was removed by filtration. 

When sulfuric acid is used in the cyclization of 5, an a-pyrone is the main product, being formed in 71% yield, with small amounts of furan-2,3,5-tricarboxylic ester. Cyclizations of the formyl derivative are more satisfactory.67 From ethyl levulate and 4,4-diethoxy -butyronitrile51 products were obtained as follows ... 

Pummerer et al.29s 299 had previously isolated the intermediate 34, but they ascribed a different structure to it. 32, 33, and 34 are intermediates in the formation of levulic ester—long reaction times result in a decrease in the amount of these compounds, and in an increase in the amount of the ester. Birkofer et al. considered that the mechanism for the fission, in view of the intermediates formed, was as follows Clauson-Kaas and Nielsen288 obtained similar results when furfuryl alcohol, furfuryl methyl ether, and 2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydro-2-methylfuran were treated with methanolic hydrochloric acid. The following compounds were obtained 33, 34, 36, 37, and 38, together with at least three further by-products which could not be... 

SYNS ETHYLKETOVALERATE ETHYL 4-KETOVALERATE ETHYL LAEVULINATE ETHYL LEVULATE ETHYL 4-OXOPENTANOATE ETHYL 4-OXOVALERATE LEVULINIC ACID, ETHYL ESTER... 

Synonyms Ethyl 3-acetylpropionate Ethyl ketovalerate Ethyl 4-ketovalerate Ethyl y-ketovalerate Ethyl laevulinate Ethyl levulate Ethyl-4-oxopentanoate Ethyl-4-oxovalerate Levulinic acid, ethyl ester 4-Oxopentanoic acid ethyi ester Pentanoic acid, 4-oxo-, ethyl ester Classification Nonaromatic ester Definition Ester of levulinic acid and ethyl alcohol Empirical C7H12O3 Formula CH3COCH2CH2COOC2H5... 

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