Levels of interpretation

The methods diseussed so far, fluoreseenee upeonversion, the various pump-probe speetroseopies, and the polarized variations for the measurement of anisotropy, are essentially eonventional speetroseopies adapted to the femtoseeond regime. At the simplest level of interpretation, the infonnation eontent of these eonventional time-resolved methods pertains to populations in resonantly prepared or probed states. As applied to ehemieal kineties, for most slow reaetions (on the ten pieoseeond and longer time seales), populations adequately speeify the position of the reaetion eoordinate intemiediates and produets show up as time-delayed speetral entities, and assignment of the transient speetra to ehemieal stnietures follows, in most oases, the same prinoiples used in speotrosoopio experiments perfomied with oontinuous wave or nanoseoond pulsed lasers. 

Several levels of interpretation have been proposed in the literature [9,16-19]. The 00./ reflexions are attributed to diffraction by the sets of parallel c-planes tangent to the cylinders in the walls as seen edge on along the beam direction their positions are independent of the direction of incidence of the electron beam. 

The EPR spectrum is a reflection of the electronic structure of the paramagnet. The latter may be complicated (especially in low-symmetry biological systems), and the precise relation between the two may be very difficult to establish. As an intermediate level of interpretation, the concept of the spin Hamiltonian was developed, which will be dealt with later in Part 2 on theory. For the time being it suffices to know that in this approach the EPR spectrum is described by means of a small number of parameters, the spin-Hamiltonian parameters, such as g-values, A-values, and )-values. This approach has the advantage that spectral data can be easily tabulated, while a demanding interpretation of the parameters in terms of the electronic structure can be deferred to a later date, for example, by the time we have developed a sufficiently adequate theory to describe electronic structure. In the meantime we can use the spin-Hamiltonian parameters for less demanding, but not necessarily less relevant applications, for example, spin counting. We can also try to establish... 

Another person brought out the problems where the community user is separate and distinct from the analyst. "Again, you are getting back to the different levels of interpretation that the analyst who does the measurement, the intermediate, and the top level user community all have different forms of the answer. Each one has to be placed in their frame of reference. That is a very difficult problem. The state department director of health, for example, is interested in sort of simplified or bulletized information, if you will."... 

At the simplest level of interpretation of biomonitoring data, a biomarker concentration found in an individual or group under study is com-... 

The correct answer is (B). There are two levels of interpretation that you can make here. The first concerns only the definition of boiling point, which states that a liquid will boil when the vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure. What this means is that a substance with a low vapor pressure will have to be heated to a higher temperature to make the vapor pressure equal the atmospheric pressure. Materials with higher vapor pressures won t need to be heated as much to boil. 

Note, however, that Eq. (4.21) loses its validity in the case of strong multiplicative noise, as it is based on a linearization assumption. The remarks above have to be related to a purely qualitative level of interpretation. 

Quality control of production has, for many years, been a major concern of catalyst manufacturers. Some methods, such as texture analysis of solids and elemental analysis, have been established for a long time. Others, such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy, are more recent. Analysis techniques as a whole, however, have been subject to methodological research enabling the scope and level of interpretation of results to be developed. Recent decades have in particular seen numerous analysis techniques based on the use of radiation and particle beams applied to industrial catalysts. In view of the increasing number of possibilities for analysing this type of solid in detail, we considered it useful to give an up-to-date assessment of the type of information that each technique can offer. 

At this level of interpretation nothing is yet postulated about the forces, except that they manifest themselves in the measurable energy changes which accompany almost every kind of physical and chemical transformation. It is necessary, therefore, to describe the state of a chaotic system of particles primarily in terms of its energy. Such a description is provided in statistical theory. 

Clinical significance An additional level of interpretation of a statistically significant finding that addresses the size of the effect found. 

This problem is greatly compounded by the lack of intrinsic support for simultaneous recursion, which is essential in network descriptions. The user is now contending with two levels of interpretation, resulting in an overwhelming amount of bookkeeping in the course of a routine argument. 

MSHA s (1996) guidelines for inspectors demonstrates the multiple levels of interpretation and negotiation that take place within institutions before inspectors can actually document the violation or write a citation. ... 

A major objective of the regulation (expressed in paragraph 25.1309 of the [FAR/CS 25]) is that a catastrophic event must be extremely improbable . A first level of interpretation is given by that same regulation a catastrophic event is a Failure Condition which would result in multiple fatalities, usually with the loss of the airplane . This is partly explained for example, if the available roll rate is higher than 3 /second, then the situation is not catastrophic if the aircraft is below the threshold, the criticality is evaluated by pilots and accepted, or not, by official services. 

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