Levelling agents electroplating

Both -hydroxybenzaldehyde and its methyl ether, -methoxybenzaldehyde [123-11-5] (p-anisaldehyde) have found extensive use in electroplating. The most widespread appHcation has been in alkaline bright zinc plating, both in non-cyanide (77) and in cyanide-containing (78) baths. The aldehydes act as both brightening and leveling agents. 

Figure 12.3. Schematic cross section showing microroughness of cathode and the attending diffusion layer with leveling agent accumulated at peaks (P). Metal deposition is inhibited at peaks but not at valleys (V). Filling the latter, results in smoother surfaces. (From Modern Electroplating, F. Lowenheim, ed., 1974 with permission from Wiley.)...

Ethoquad . [Akzo Akzo Chem. BV] Ethoxylated quaternary ammonium chlcHides antistat, emulsifier, dyeing assistant, leveling agent, antifoam for textiles, electroplating. 

Uses Antistat, emulsifier, dyeing assistant, leveling agent, antifoam in textiles electroplating bath additive hair conditioner and antistat emulsifier for cream conditioners resin plastidzer for hair sprays Properties Gardner 11 max. d. liq. amine-like odor sol. in acetone, IPA, benzene, water, propylene glycol, CCI4 insol. in min. oil, IPM sp.gr. 1.071 vapor pressure pour pt. 15 C flash pt. (CC) 127 C nonflamm. 95% ad. 

Cationic or amphoteric fluorinated surfactants can impart a positive charge to fluoropolymer particles and aid electroplating of the polymer (e.g., PTFE) onto steel for surface protection [104]. A nonionic fluorinated surfactant (Forafac FI 110) is a leveling agent for zinc electrodeposition [105]. 

Cyanides are used widely and extensively in the manufacture of synthetic fabrics and plastics, in electroplating baths and metal mining operations, as pesticidal agents and intermediates in agricultural chemical production, and in predator control devices. Elevated cyanide levels are normally encountered in more than 1000 species of food plants and forage crops, and this probably... 

Pyrobrite [ATOTECH]. TM for a bright-leveling, pyrophosphate copper electroplating process. The materials used are copper pyrophosphate trihydrate, potassium pyrophosphate, ammonium hydroxide, and addition agents. 

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