Leishmania panamensis

In vitro antileishmanial activity has been reported for saponins of Hedera helix on promastigote and amastigote forms from Leishmania infantum and L. tropica. Monodesmosides were found to be as effective on promastigote forms as the reference compound (pentamidine) whereas the bidesmosides have shown no effect [222]. Spiroconazole A (77), a spirostane saponin produced a dose-dependent inhibition of lesion caused by Leishmania panamensis in hamster [109]. Mimengoside A and budlejasaponin (62, 62a), two saikosaponins showed antileishmanial activity with a LCioo at 25 p.g/ml and 40 p.g/ml respectively (LC o of positive control = 5p.g/ml) [107, 108]. 

The greatest outbreak of CL occurred between 2005 and 2009, with more than 35,000 cases in the military forces, 80% caused by Leishmania braziiiensis and 20% caused by Leishmania panamensis... 

I. D. Velez, L. M. Carrillo, L. Lopez, E. Rodriguez, and S. M. Robledo, An epidemic outbreak of canine cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia caused by Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania panamensis, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 86, 807-811, 2012. 

Berberine and 8-cyanodihydroberberine were found to exhibit significant activity (> 50% suppression of lesion size) against the lesions of Leishmania braziliensis panamensis in golden hamsters. Tetrahydroberberine (canadine) was more potent but less toxic than berberine against Leishmania donovani, but not as potent as meglumine antimonate, a standard drug utilized in the therapy of leishmaniasis [209]. 

Keegan, F. P., Sansone, L. and Blum, J. J. (1987) Oxidation of glucose, ribose, alanine and glutamate by Leishmania braziliensis panamensis. J. Protozool. 34 174-179. 

Bosque F, Saravia NG, Valderrama L et al. Distinct innate and acquired immune responses to Leishmania in putative susceptible and resistant human populations endemically exposed to L. (Viaruiia) panamensis infection. Scand J Immunol 2000 51(5) 533-41. 

Lucumi A, Robledo S, Gama V et al. Sensitivity of Leishmania viannia panamensis to pentavalent antimony is correlated with the fermation of deavable DNA-protein complexes. Antimictob Agents Chemother 1998 42 1990-5. 

Some of imidazoles and triazoles are the potential inhibitors of 14-demethylase, a key enzyme in the sterol biosynthesis pathway, thus directly interfere with cell wall biosynthesis in Leishmania. Fluconazole, a triazole antifungal drug used in the treatment and prevention of superficial and systemic fungal infections, has been used for the treatment of L. major in Old World. Similarly, ketoconazole has been used in the New World against L. panamensis and L. mexicana. Itraconazole... 

Antibacterial - in vitro (Broth culture) against Streptococcus pyogenes and Bacillus subtilis (MIC 50.0 mg/L). 184 Antileisbmaniasis - in vitro against Leishmania mexicana (IC50 24.0 pM) and L. panamensis (IC50 15.0 pM). 227... 

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