Lead isotopic ratios, measurement

Flegal and Stukas [406] described the special sampling and processing techniques necessary for the prevention of lead contamination of seawater samples, prior to stable lead isotopic ratio measurements by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. Techniques are also required to compensate for the absence of an internal standard and the presence of refractory organic compounds. The precision of the analyses is 0.1 -0.4% and a detection limit of 0.02 ng/kg allows the tracing of lead inputs and biogeochemical cycles. 

Walder, A.J. and Furuta, N. (1993). High-precision lead isotope ratio measurements by inductively coupled plasma multiple collector mass spectrometry. Analytical Sciences 9 675-680. 

Yip Y-Ch, Chung-wah Lam J, Tong WE (2008) Applications of lead isotope ratio measurements. Trends Anal Chem 27 460-480 and references therein. 

Walder, A. J., Abell, I. D., Platzner, I., and Freedman, P. A. (1993a). Lead isotope ratio measurement of NIST 610 glass by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. Spectrochim. Acta 48B, 397-402. 

Eisenbud, M. 1987. Environmental Radioactivity. 3rd ed. New York, NY Academic Press. Encinar, J. R., Alonso, J. I. G., Sanz-Medel, A., Main, S., and Turner, P. J. 2001. A comparison between quadrupole, double focusing and multicollector ICP-MS instruments Part I. Evaluation of total combined uncertainty for lead isotope ratio measurements. J. Anal... 

Gumming, G.L. (1973) Propagation of experimental errors in lead isotope ratio measurements using the double spike method. Chem. Geol., 11, 157-165. 

Walder, A.J. and Furuta, N. (1993) High-predsion lead isotope ratio measurement by inductively coupled plasma multiple collector mass spectrometry. Anal. Sci., 9, 675-680. Walder, A.J., Platzner, 1., and Freedman, P.A. (1993) Isotope ratio measurement of lead, neodymium and neodymium-samarium mixtures, hafnium and hafnium-lutetium mixtures with a double focusing multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 8, 19-23. 

Stacey, J. S., Delevaux, M. E., Ulrych, T. J. Some triple-filament lead isotope ratio measurements and an absolute growth curve for single-stage leads. Earth Planet. Sci. Letters 6, 16—25 (1969). 

Relatively new innovations in ICPMS instrumentation may partly alleviate some of those limitations. For example, some ICPMS instruments are now available with a magnetic sector mass spectrometer rather than a quad-rupole mass spectrometer. These new instruments may provide increased accuracy and precision of lead isotope ratio measurements, which would lead to higher quality measurements by isotope dilution. 

Gwiazda, R., Woolard, D., and Smith, D. (1998). Improved lead isotope ratio measurements in environmental and biological samples with a double focussii magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS).J. Anal. Ar. Spearom. 13(11), 1233. 

Halicz, L., Erel,Y., andVeron, A. (1996). Lead isotope ratio measurements by ICP-MS Accu-racy, precision, and long-term drift. At. Spectrosc. 17(5), 186. 

Rodushkin, I., Odman, E, and Appelblad, P. K. (1999). Multielement determination and lead isotope ratio measurement in alcoholic beverages by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry./. Food Compos. Anal. 12(4), 243. 

---