Layers phosphorescence

Differences in the materials employed for the layers can also become evident when chemical reactions are performed on them. Thus, Macherey-Nagel report that the detection of amino acids and peptides by reaction with ninhydrin is less sensitive on layers containing luminescent or phosphorescent indicators compared to adsorbents which do not contain any indicator [7]. 

Finally, and apart from the importance of micelles in the solubilization of chemical species, mention should also be made of their intervention in the displacement of equilibria and in the modification of kinetics of reactions, as well as in the alteration of physicochemical parameters of certain ions and molecules that affect electrochemical measurements, processes of visible-ultraviolet radiation, fluorescence and phosphorescence emission, flame emission, and plasma spectroscopy, or in processes of extraction, thin-layer chromatography, or high-performance liquid chromatography [2-4, 29-33],... 

S. Tokito, T. Iijima, T. Tsuzuki, and F. Sato, High-efficiency white phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices with greenish-blue and red-emitting layers, Appl. Phys. Lett., 83 2459-2461 (2003). 

J.P. Markham, S.C. Lo, S.W. Magnnis, P.L. Burn, and I.D.W. Samuel, High-efficiency green phosphorescence from spin-coated single-layer dendrimer light emitting diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett., 80 2645-2647 (2002). 

M. Ikai, S. Tokito, Y. Sakamoto, T. Suzuki, and Y. Taga, Highly efficient phosphorescence from organic light-emitting devices with an exciton-block layer, Appl. Phys. Lett., 79 156-158 (2001). 

S Kan, X Liu, F Shen, J Zhang, Y Ma, Y Wang, and J Shen, Improved efficiency of single-layer polymer light-emitting devices with poly(vinylcarbazole) doubly doped with phosphorescent and fluorescent dyes as the emitting layer, Adv. Funct. Mater., 13 603-608, 2003. 

In the vapor-deposited OLED community, a number of approaches have been employed to produce white light emission. White OLEDs have been demonstrated based on multilayer structures, e.g., stacked backlights [153,168], multidoping of single-layer structures [145], phosphorescent monomer-excimer emission layers [169] and on doping of phosphorescent materials into separate bands within the emission zone, called a tri-junction [170]. The trijunction device has produced the highest white OLED efficiency of 16% external quantum efficiency demonstrated thus far [171]. 

Rand BP, Schols S, Cheyns D, Gommans H, Girotto C, Genoe J, Heremans P, Poortmans J (2009) Organic solar cells with sensitized phosphorescent absorbing layers. Org Electron 10 1015... 

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