Layer-structured carbon

In fact, the ability of layer-structured carbon to insert various species was well known by the latter half of the 1800s. The ability of graphite to intercalate anions promoted exploration into the use of a graphite cathode for rechargeable batteries. Juza and Wehle described carbon lithiation studies in the middle of last century. ... 

Xu, Y., Hong, W., Bai, H., Li, C., Shi, G., 2009. Strong and ductile poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide composite films with a layered structure. Carbon 47, 3538—3543. 

Carbon blacks are synthetic materials which essentially contain carbon as the main element. The structure of carbon black is similar to graphite (hexagonal rings of carbon forming large sheets), but its structure is tridimensional and less ordered. The layers of carbon blacks are parallel to each other but not arranged in order, usually forming concentric inner layers (turbostratic structure). Some typical properties are density 1.7-1.9 g/cm pH of water suspension 2-8 primary particle size 14-250 nm oil absorption 50-300 g/100 g specific surface area 7-560 m /g. 

Feitknecht has examined the corrosion products of zinc in sodium chloride solutions in detail. The compound on the inactive areas was found to be mainly zinc oxide. When the concentration of sodium chloride was greater than 0-1 M, basic zinc chlorides were found on the corroded parts. At lower concentrations a loose powdery form of a crystalline zinc hydroxide appeared. A close examination of the corroded areas revealed craters which appeared to contain alternate layers and concentric rings of basic chlorides and hydroxides. Two basic zinc chlorides were identified, namely 6Zn(OH)2 -ZnClj and 4Zn(OH)2 ZnCl. These basic salts, and the crystalline zinc hydroxides, were found to have layer structures similar in general to the layer structure attributed to the basic zinc carbonate which forms dense adherent films and appears to play such an important role in the corrosion resistance of zinc against the atmosphere. The presence of different reaction products in the actual corroded areas leads to the view that, in addition to action between the major anodic and cathodic areas as a whole, there is also a local interaction between smaller anodic and cathodic elements. 

Graphite is another solid form of carbon. In contrast to the three-dimensional lattice structure of diamond, graphite has a layered structure. Each layer is strongly bound together but only weak forces exist between adjacent layers. These weak forces make the graphite crystal easy to cleave, and explain its softness and lubricating qualities. 

The structure and composition of the lithium surface layers in carbonate-based electrolytes have been studied extensively by many investigators [19-37], High reactivity of propylene carbonate (PC) to the bare lithium metal is expected, since its reduction on an ideal polarizable electrode takes place at much more positive potentials compared with THF and 2Me-THF [18]. Thevenin and Muller [29] found that the surface layer in LiC104/PC electrolyte is a mixture of solid Li2C03 and a... 

This model of a carbon nanotube shows that it consists of several concentric tubes. Such layered structures are very strong. 

The carbon-based nanofillers are mainly layered graphite, nanotube, and nanofibers. Graphite is an allotrope of carbon, the stmcture of which consists of graphene layers stacked along the c-axis in a staggered array [1], Figure 4.1 shows the layered structure of graphite flakes. 

Carbon atoms have the ability to bond to themselves to a greater extent than those of any other element. Known as catenation, this ability gives rise to the several allotropic forms of the element. The most common form of elemental carbon is graphite, which has the layered structure shown in Figure 13.11. 

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