Layer multilayer slide

In most coating operations a single layer is coated. When more than one layer must be applied one can make multiple passes, or use tandem coaters where the next layer is applied at another coating station immediately following the dryer section for the previous layer, or a multilayer coating station can be used. Slot, extrusion, slide, and curtain coaters are used to apply multiple layers simultaneously. Slide and curtain coaters can apply an unlimited number of layers simultaneously, whereas slot coaters are limited by the complexity of the die internals and extrusion coaters by the ability of the combining adapter, ahead of the extrusion die, to handle many layers. 

Fig. 14—Schematics of shear stress in (a) single constituent thick coating and in (b) multilayer coating. The shear stress in each layer of multilayer is less than that in the single constituent thick coating due to the layer slide at the interface of the multilayer coating. In addition, crack deflection in the multilayer coating was illustrated schematically.

The LB technique is amenable to the fabrication of ECDs as demonstrated by the report of a thin-film display based on bis(phthalocyaninato)praseodymium(III).75 The electrochromic electrode in the display was fabricated by deposition of multilayers (10-20 layers, r+00-200 A) of the complex onto ITO-coated glass (7 x4cm2) slides. The display exhibited blue-green-yellow-red polyelectrochromicity over a potential range of —2 to +2V. After 105 cycles no significant... 

Fuji evolved their system on a multilayer film technique basis. The primary goal has always been the determination of components of the blood without requiring external separation of serum or plasma (i.e. a centrifuge). Hence, it was necessary to develop a layer that would retain the coarse corpuscular blood components (erythrocytes, leukocytes etc.). The principles of the construction of the slides and the method of measurement are in accordance with the instructions that have been given for the use of Kodak instruments (see p. Ektachem system). The instrument is not available in Europe or on the American continent. It has also not yet been presented at exhibitions or congresses. So far, only the slides (reagent carriers) for the measurement of glucose and urea have been described in detail (D1-D6). 

No or very little fiquid is used in the analytical process on dry reagent systems such as the Vitros and Reflotron Plus. For color reactions, the Vitros uses a multilayered, 16-mm square slide (Figure 11-3) in which reagents dispersed in emulsions are activated by diffusion of the specimen fluid into the layers. From three to seven layers containing reagents are used for each of the different tests available. The Vitros also uses slides for electrometric assays that incorporate miniature ion-selective electrodes. On these, a reference solution and patient specimen provide fluid that turns the electrodes into electrochemical half-cells (see Chapter 4). Slides of this type that measure sodium, potassium, carbon dioxide, and chloride are currently in use. 

In order to confirm the fabrication of the multilayer of chitosan or chitosan microsphere and PAA layers. Here, the FTIC labeled-chitosan and PAA layers were alternatively deposited onto charged glass slide for UV-vis measurement (Scheme 4-3). 

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) systems are ideal for a pictorial representation of morphological features of single layers of multilayered paint samples (particularly those not well contrasted by optical microscopy as the white ones) obtained by the contrast of secondary (SE) and backscattered electrons (BSE). An important advantage of SEM is the ability to analyze even the smallest smears for this purpose the smears are lifted from the underlying material using double-sided adhesive tape transferred to the sample holder (e.g., slide). Twenty micrometers microtome sections of paint cross-sections are recommended. In order to avoid electrical charging the samples have to be carbon coated or transferred into the chamber of a low vacuum system. 

This ordered monolayer is used as an air/solution barrier or as a medium for selective extraction of organic material from the aqueous phase. The ordered mono-layer also serves as the building block multilayer membranes. A glass slide or other support is passed through the monolayer. With each pass, a monolayer membrane is transferred from the surface layer to the support. If done properly, this monolayer is stable and is not disturbed as additional monolayers are added with additional passes through the ordered surface monolayer. 

Fig. 3.18. UV-vis spectra showing layer-by-layer growth of polymer/Au nanocrystals on thiol-functionalized glass slides, (a) PAH/mercaptoundecanoicacid multilayer film formed by alternately exposing the slide to a solution of poly(aIlylamine hydrochloride) and another solution of a Au nanocrystals with a mixed ligand shell consisting of hexanethiol and mercaptoundecanoic acid, (b) PSS/ATH multilayer film formed by alternately exposing the slide to a solution of poly(styrene sulfonic acid) and another solution of Au nanocrystals with a mixed ligand shell consisting of hexanethiol and 4-mercaptophenylamine (ATH) (reproduced with permission from [630])...

Recent analytical studies of the sliding surface have suggested that the ZDDP tribo-film forms a graded composite, multilayer structure on a steel surface that is usually very thin, with a thickness of less than 100 nm [16-23]. Figure 9.3 shows the typical structure of the ZDDP triboflhn, which consists of at least four to five layers from the surface to the steel base. Amorphous polyphosphate base layers are presumed to dominate the bulk mechanical properties of the ZDDP tribofihn, and a sulfide layer near the surface controls the friction property of the film. 

In the case of films such as Mg-stearate, if one dips a clean glass slide through the film, a monolayer is adsorbed on the down-stroke. Another layer is adsorbed on the up-stroke. Under careful conditions, one may make LB films with multilayers (varying from a few layers to over thousands). One can monitor the adsorption by measuring the decrease in II on each stroke. If no adsorption takes place, then one observes no change in surface pressure. There are some lipids, such as cholesterol, which do not form LB films. There are also other methods, such as... 

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