Laws and principles

Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906) was born in Vienna. His work of importance in chemistry became of interest in plastics because of his development of the kinetic theory of gases and rules governing their viscosity and diffusion. They are known as the Boltzmann s Law and Principle, still regarded as one of the cornerstones of physical science. 

Maybe. "Convinced of immortality, the sages of antiquity viewed the human body not as the man, but the house of the man. This book draws on material gathered from dozens of sources written over the centuries. The thought-provoking essays in this book show how the human body reveals the laws and principles operating throughout the universe. The 18 chapters are illustrated with plates from rare and early works on Rosicrucianism, the Hermetic sciences, the cabala, and more traditional texts on anatomy and physiology"... 

At the outset it may be well to explain that it was not intended to write a complete text-book of Physical Chemistry. Numerous excellent works have already been devoted to this subject, and a volume on such lines would scarcely serve as a suitable introduction to this series. Whilst Physical Chemistry deals with the general principles applied to all branches of theoretical chemistry, our aim has been to emphasize their application to Inorganic Chemistry, with which branch of the subject this series of text-books is exclusively concerned. To this end practically all the illustrations to the laws and principles discussed in Volume I. deal with inorganic substances. 

But what must one know before "constructing any (including kinetic) model First its basic elements, secondly the main laws and principles of the processes that are to be accounted for by the model, and thirdly the algorithm (the instruction) for the model construction. For kinetic models the basic elements are chemical substances and elementary acts the main laws are the laws of mass action and surface action the algorithms for model construction are the methods to derive kinetic equations suggested by Tern-kin, those to determine kinetic equation constants, etc. 

Erinciples applied to all branches of theoretical chemistry, our aim as been to emphasize their application to inorganic chemistry, with which branch of the subject this series of text-books is exclusively concerned. To this end practically all the illustrations to the laws and principles discussed in Volume I. deal with inorganic substances. 

A process model is a mathematical representation of an existing or proposed industrial (physical or/and chemical) process. Process models normally include descriptions of mass, energy and fluid flow, governed by known physical laws and principles. In process engineering, the focus is on processes and on the phenomena of the processes and thus we can afHrm that a process model is a representation of a process. The relation of a process model and its structure to the physical process and its structure can be given as is shown in Fig. 1.2 [1.1-1.3]. 

Organic chemistry is there to help. The number of structures possible for a small set of carbon atoms and their means of conversion to other materials is awesome. Yet they all follow certain rules that cannot be ignored. The combination for focusing problem solving therefore seems perfect A very large set of possibilities, situations and scenarios such as structures, reagents, and reaction conditions, all related to a number of rules—the laws and principles of... 

The study of physical phenomena involves two important steps. In the first step, all the variables that affect the phenomena are identified, reasonable assumptions and approximations are made, and the interdependence of these variables is studied. The relevant physical laws and principles are invoked, and the problem is formulated mathematically. The equation itself is very instructive as it shows the degree of dependence of some variables on others, and the relative importance of various terms. In the second step, the problem is solved using an appropriate approach, and the results are interpreted. 

Apply all the relevant basic physical laws and principles (such as the conservation of energy), and reduce litem to their simplest form by utilizing the assumptions made. However, the region to which a physical law is applied must be clearly identified first,... 

Differential equations arise when relevant physical laws and principles are applied to a problem by considering infinitesimal changes in the variables of interest. Therefore, obtaining the governing differential equation for a sp ific problem requires an adequate knowledge of the nature of the problem, the variables involved, appropriate simplifying assumptions, and the applicable physical laws and principles involved, as well as a careful analysis, x... 

The generation, transmission and reception of radio frequency, or RF, energy can give rise to all sorts of complicated computations and special considerations of physical laws and principles, but on the surface, the general procedure looks very easy. (Fig. 52) RF energy is generated in a transmitter of some type and is coupled to an antenna. The resultant waves spread out from the antenna and eventually arrive at a receiving antenna. This is attached to a receiver whose circuitry is sensitive or resonant to the particular fre-... 

The idea can be extended to other areas also, but I am not expert enough to do so. Thus the laws of physics, as we currently understand them, are manifestations (of an unknown degree of directness) of the basic principles running the universe laws and principles affecting consciousness are manifestations (of an unknown degree of directness) of these same principles. Neither manifestation may be any more basic than the other. If this hypothesis is correct, parallels to the five basic principles that seem to underlie physics should be clearly discernible in the psychological area. 

---