Large-signal characteristic

The dynamics of the valve-positioning system may be described in terms of its small-signal and large-signal characteristics. The small-signal characteristics may be represented to reasonable accuracy by a first-order exponential lag, which will obey the canonical equation ... 

The large-signal characteristics of the valve-positioning system are dominated by the maximum speed/minimum stroke time of the valve. We may calculate the maximum speed by dividing the range of valve travel from fully closed to fully open by the minimum stroke time. Giving the minimum stroke time the symbol and using the convention of normalized valve travel, the maximum velocity of the valve actuator will thus be... 

Although homopoly(aMeSt) should be absent in the 2-propanol-soluble fractions, 1H NMR spectra of these fractions showed a resonance characteristic of aMeSt units (6 6.9 ppm) together with large signals of IBVE units (e.g.. Figure 76). Evidently the 2-propanol-soluble fractions also contain IBVE-aMeSt block polymers that most likely carry short poly(aMeSt) segments pulled into 2-propanol by the attached poly(IBVE) segments. 

In understanding the electrical characteristics of biological materials such as tissue which is a complex, inhomogeneous, anisotropic, and nonlinear material, we feel it is necessary to first understand the electrical properties of the simpler biological fluids. Additionally since the fields in the vicinity of membranes may be quite large ( xlO 4 volts/cm) it is important to understand the high field behavior as well as the more commonly measured small signal characteristics. 

The IEEE 1620-2004 standard covers the testing of OFET devices. This standard is actively under review and is periodically revised [114] and lays out a procedure for OFET parameter extraction which fits device curves to a simplified large signal long channel crystalline silicon (c-Si) device model with some adaptations for dealing with the complications OFETs present. While this approach has some limitations (see Section 6.5.1), to first order this approach will at least approximately reproduce this characteristic. 

Figure 15.8 shows the experiment. The piezoelectric device that was explained in the previous chapter can be used as either a microphone or a small loudspeaker. Either way, it is not very linear in its transducer characteristics, but it generates a large signal when used as a brute-force microphone. 

Figure 6.140 shows the measurement results obtained with the two selfsensing actuator principles for electrical large-signal operation. They display the characteristics of the three transfer paths of the bidirectional actuator, illustrated in the form of s-Sd, Sr S and Fr F trajectories. In this case, the values X, and ym in the (6.80), (6.77) and (6.78) correspond to the inverse control voltage, the measured control voltage and the measured piezoelectric charge. 

For small absorbance values, i.e. low concentrations of absorbing atoms N or, in other words, close to the limit of detection (LOD) the demand on the measurement of 4>q as well as of 4> can be reduced to the simple task Determination of a small reduction of a large signal. Many papers on this task have been published. The crucial clarification was given by Snelleman in 1968 [138]. He developed algorithms, which clearly and straightforwardly describe the influence of the lamp property and the spectrometer characteristics on the... 

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