Large-signal operation

As a result, in electrical and mechanical large-signal operation there exists a coupling between the voltage V and the force F which, in principle, requires a mathematical description by means of vectorial operators [332] which considers the hysteresis and creep of the piezoelectric material. This fact can be described by the operator notation... 

Fig. 6.134. Signal flow chart of the generalized solid-state transducer model for large-signal operation...

Figure 6.140 shows the measurement results obtained with the two selfsensing actuator principles for electrical large-signal operation. They display the characteristics of the three transfer paths of the bidirectional actuator, illustrated in the form of s-Sd, Sr S and Fr F trajectories. In this case, the values X, and ym in the (6.80), (6.77) and (6.78) correspond to the inverse control voltage, the measured control voltage and the measured piezoelectric charge. 

Piezo actuators are driven with an electrical field strength of up to 2 kV/mm in large signal operation (see Sect. 6.2). The ceramic layers are 30 pm to 0.5 mm thick, leading to a driving voltage in the range of 60 V to 1000 V. 

S. Mukamel In general, multipulse experiments depend on a multitime correlation function of the dipole operator [1], The term x(n) depends on a combination of n + 1 time correlation functions. Their behavior for large n will depend on the model. In some cases (e.g., the accumulated photon echo used by Wiersma) the multiple-pulse sequence is simply used to accumulate a large signal and the higher... 

On-off action provides the highest available gain for large-signal response. So the choice of on-off to operate sequentially with the linear controller is obvious. But the transition from one to another is not obvious. And the boundary between what is considered a small signal and what is considered large, is not at the moment clear. 

We have simulated the movement of carriers in the channel in response to the application of a step voltage in MATLAB , the results of which are presented in Fig. 4. There is a finite amount of time when the drain current is identically equal to zero, and the time delay is inversely proportional to the mobility of the transistor. The inverse of the delay time gives the characteristic frequency of the transistor operating as an amplifier. Determination of this parameter, therefore, specifies both the small-signal frequency and large-signal transient response of the device. 

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