Laplanders

Much additional work seems needed on chemical and other processes that hasten excretion and prevent uptake and accumulation of radionuclides in livestock and wildlife. Reindeer herding is the most important occupation in Finnish Lapland and portions of Sweden (Rissanen and Rahola... 

Swedish Lapland reindeer herders have experienced a variety of sociocultural problems as a result of the Chernobyl accident. The variability of contamination has been compounded by the variability of expert statements about risk, the change in national limits of Bq concentrations set for meat marketability, and the variability of the compensation policy for slaughtered reindeer. These concerns may result in fewer Lapps becoming herders and a general decline in reindeer husbandry (Beach 1990). 

FINLAND Finnish Lapland 137Cs 1979-84 vs. 1986 (post-Chemobyl) Arboreal lichens 120 DW vs. 590 DW 7... 

Miettinen, J.K. 1969. Enrichment of radioactivity by Arctic ecosystems in Finnish Lapland. Pages 23-31 in D.J. Nelson and F.C. Evans (eds.). Symposium on Radioecology. Proceedings of the Second National Symposium. Available as CONF-670503 from The Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Natl. Bur. Standards, Springfield, VA 22151. 

The most frequently occurring diatom in Alpine freshwaters is Achnanthidium minutissimum. This species is also abundant in other high-altitude regions of Europe, Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains and Lapland [18, 34, 45 7]. It is a... 

Finland 36 lakes in Lapland Weathering of geologic materials, some air deposition 5.7 (median) 0.17 (median) Mannio et al. (1995)... 

Mannio, J., Jarvinen, O., Tuominen, R. and Verta, M. (1995) Survey of trace elements in lake waters of Finnish Lapland using the ICP-MS technique. Science of the Total Environment, 160-161, 433-39. 

Loukola, R.K., Tanskanen, H. and Lahermo, P. (1999) Anomalously high arsenic concentrations in spring waters in Kittila, Finnish Lapland. Special Paper of the Geological Survey of Finland, No. 27, 97-102. 

Lichens and bryophytes grow very slowly, and are adapted to absorb nutrients from the atmosphere. NSA values of order 1000 m2d kg-1 can be deduced from data of Andersen etal. (1978) on the accumulation of metals by bryophytes in the Copenhagen district. In the Arctic, lichens form the basis of a food chain via reindeer to man, and the concentration of 137Cs in the lichens has given exceptionally high body burdens of 137Cs in Eskimos and Laplanders (UNSCEAR, 1967). 

Dauvalter V. 1995. Influence of pollution and acidification on metal concentrations in Finnish Lapland sediments. Water Air Soil Pollut 85 853-858. 

Saarinen, J. (1998) The social construction of tourist destinations The process of transformation of the Saariselka tourism region in Finnish Lapland. In G. Ringer (ed.) Destinations (pp. 154-173). London Routledge. 

Finnish Lapland 60-250 Betula, Salix and Vac-cinium vitis-idaea dried leaves... 

Native platinum has also been found in Brazil along with gold in syenite 2 in alluvial material amongst the Urals 3 in sand from the Ivalo River, N. Lapland, associated with the diamond as well as in Borneo, in the sands of the Rhine in County Wicklow, Ireland in New Zealand,4 New South Wales, California, British Columbia and the Yukon River, and in Spain.5... 

Running the SILAM Model Comparatively with ECMWF and HIRLAM Meteorological Fields A Case Study in Lapland... 

Eilu P. (1994) Hydrothermal alteration in volcano-sedimentary rocks in the central Lapland greenstone belt, Finland, Geol. Surv. Finland Bull. 374, 145pp. 

Different variables affect the intensity of solar radiation. As the emission of solar radiation is considered constant, the summer sun is stronger than the winter sun, the sun on the equator stronger than the sun in Lapland, and the midday sun burns more than the afternoon sun. Eog does not slow down UV penetration, but urban pollution is, on the contrary, a powerful sunblock because of the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons, which make excellent UV blocks. Altitude in itself has less influence than the angle of incidence, but snow, on the other hand, reflects 85% of UV rays, whereas dry sand only reflects 17%, water 5% and grass 2%. Therefore, places lying between snow-covered mountains on a very sunny day are particularly dangerous. 

A common thread seems to connect all shamans across the planet. That this commonalty cuts across seemingly irreconcilable ethnic and cultural lines attests to the mystery and power lying at the source of myth, the human psyche... From Lapland to Patagonia, from the Paleolithic to today, the archetypes activated during shamanic ordeals and exaltations are astonishingly similar. i... 

Red Star Line s Lapland in a striped dazzle livery. The lighter stripes on the sides of her bow reveal the strong contrast in both the colours and tones used on her. (Author s collection)... 

A passive, nationwide monitoring study of atmospheric heavy-metal deposition, performed in Finland by Lippo et al. (1995) detected the highest Pb content in the lichen H. physodes in southern Finland and around Oulu (northern Finland). The findings of Kubin (1990) agreed with this conclusion with regard to southern Finland. The lowest Pb values were distributed fairly even among Lapland and south-east Finland. 

Drinking water levels in Scandinavia and some other European countries also showed levels of activity in some areas that exceeded the DERL set by the International Committee on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Supplies of vegetables, notably spinach, were withdrawn from sale in France, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany, and restrictions were placed on reindeer meat in Lapland and on sheep in some areas of the UK. 

---