Land value chains

Implementing CCS would create a whole new value chain of plants with C02 capture, of C02 transport and of C02 storage. Carbon dioxide transport could be performed by pipelines on land or in the marine environment. For marine transport, ships could also be used. Creating a new C02 infrastructure is a challenging task, similar to the build-up of a hydrogen infrastructure that s why a combined build-up should be envisaged, where possible. 

Opportunities 1. New and emerging markets 2. Emerging processing technologies 3. Emerging emphasis on environmental issues 4. Growing demand for green-materials Threats 1. Lack of production/distribution chains 2. Infancy of the value chain 3. Land use... 

Fig. 20. Adsorbed amount vs. chain length plotted on a log-log scale. The points are measured values for PS/chrome/cyclohexane (diamonds, Takahashi et al 1980) and PS/silica/cyclohexane (triangles, vander Linden and van Leemput, 1978 crosses, Kawaguchi et ai, 1980). The curves are the predictions of Ploehn and Russel (1988) for x = 0.5 and

The extent to which a POP is reconcentrated in terrestrial and aquatic food webs is a function of its persistence, physical-chemical properties and properties of the receiving system. According to Kelley et al (2007), persistent compounds with values of log ATo between 4—8,5-7 and 6-8 and log Koa above 8 that do not metabolize will biomagnify up to 400,8000 and 4000 times in terrestrial mammalian, marine mammahan and human food chains, respectively. Compounds with values of log Kq from 6 to 8 will biomagnify up to 75 times in aquatic food webs. The process of environmental transport and incorporation into food supplies will be accelerated if the compound is within biosolids applied to agricultural lands, in wastewater effluents discharged to surface waters and in dust deposited to landfills adjacent to agricultural lands, and if industrial facilities that use the compound are located nearby our sources of food. 

By land transport in trucks or railcars. This is used if no other method exists for transporting large volumes of feed or product. This is an expensive method and is primarily used as the last link in a supply chain in moving higher valued products to an end user and is not discussed further. 

Playgrounds, residential areas and agricultural sites are considered as sensitive types of land use with regard to human health and the input of metals into the food chain. Therefore, the control values that were established for these types of land use are significantly lower than control values such as for park and leisure areas and for industrial areas. For these pathways, the limits are evaluated in the top soil where soil concentrations may be evaluated directly. 

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