Lactic acid, 3-chloro

Examples 1 to 5 in Table 1.1 illustrate simple displacement of a bromide (reactions 1 and 4) or a chloride (reactions 2,3, and 5). Reaction 1 illustrates a radical chain extension reaction that reacts ethylene and methyl bromoacetate 1.17), with AIBN (flzofeis-isobutyronitrile) as a catalyst, to produce the requisite bromo-cster. The reaction is not very selective, however, since it produced a mixture of 1.18 and 1.19. The reaction was not very selective and the observed products arose from addition of one and two equivalents of ethylene, respectively, to 1.17. Subsequent treatment with ammonia, the key reaction for this section, led to a mixture of 4-aminobutanoic acid and 6-aminohexanoic acid, 1.2 and 1.4. In reaction 2, ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoropropanoate (J.20) reacted with PCI3 and bromine to give ethyl 3-bromo-4,4,4-trifluorobutanoate, which reacted with ammonia to give 3-amino-4,4,4-trifluorobutanamide, 1.21. Reaction 3 shows the reaction of P-halo lactic acid (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropanoic acid, 1.22) with 28% aqueous ammonia, in an autoclave, to give isoserine (3-amino-2-hydroxypropanoic acid, 1.23). Both halo-acids l and halo-esters 2 have been converted into hydroxy amino acids typical products are 3-... 

Medium Boiling Esters. Esterificatioa of ethyl and propyl alcohols, ethylene glycol, and glycerol with various acids, eg, chloro- or bromoacetic, or pymvic, by the use of a third component such as bensene, toluene, hexane, cyclohexane, or carbon tetrachloride to remove the water produced is quite common. Bensene has been used as a co-solvent ia the preparatioa of methyl pymvate from pymvic acid (101). The preparatioa of ethyl lactate is described as an example of the general procedure (102). A mixture of 1 mol 80% lactic acid and 2.3 mol 95% ethyl alcohol is added to a volume of benzene equal to half that of the alcohol (ca 43 mL), and the resulting mixture is refluxed for several hours. When distilled, the overhead condensate separates iato layers. The lower layer is extracted to recover the benzene and alcohol, and the water is discarded. The upper layer is returned to the column for reflux. After all the water is removed from the reaction mixture, the excess of alcohol and benzene is removed by distillation, and the ester is fractionated to isolate the pure ester. 

A mixture of 100 g of 5,5-dimethylacridan, 20 g of pulyerized sodium amide and 6.5 g of 1 -chloro-3-dimethylaminopropane in 50 ml of xylene is heated at reflux with stirring for one hour. To the cooled reaction mixture is added one yolume of water. The organic layer is separated and extracted several times with diluted lactic acid. The acidic extracts are combined, washed with ether and neutralized by alkali. The crude 10-(3 -dimethylaminopropvl)-5,5-dimethylacridan is isolated by ether extraction and purified by distillation in a high vacuum. The yield is 6,4 g BP 170°-1 B0°C/0.005 mm. n = 1.5990. 

Figure 4.7 Anion exchange separation of carboxylic acids in red wine. Column, Shodex C811, 100 cm x 7.6 mm i.d. eluent, 3 mM perchloric acid flow rate, 0.9 ml min-1 temperature, 60 °C detection, reaction detection using chloro-phenol red at 430 nm. Peaks 1, citric acid 2, tartaric acid 3, malic acid 4, succinic acid 5, lactic acid 6, formic acid and 1, acetic acid.

The names propanoic acid (systematic) and propionic acid (retained) are both approved for the unsubstituted acid. However, the acid CI-CH2-CH2-COOH must be named systematically as 3-chloropropanoic acid. The acid CH3-CH(OH)-COOH is known as lactic acid, if unsubstituted when it is substituted in position 3, for example with chlorine, the name becomes 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropanoic acid. Names such as 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropionic acid or 3-chlorolactic acid are not acceptable. 

Benzaldehyde and malonitrile undergoes Knoevnagel Condensation to give an unsaturated cyanoester whieh on reaetion with phenyl magnesium bromide yields an intermediate. This on hydrolysis and subsequent deearboxylation yields a nitrile which on reduction gives an amine. The resulting amine on alkylation with 2-chloro-l-phenylpropane yields the prenylamine base which on treatment with lactic acid affords the official product. 

Cetalkonium chloride Chlorhexidine digluconate Chloroacetamide Chlorobutanol hemihydrate p-Chloro-m-cresol Chlorothymol Chloroxylenol m-Cresol Disodium undecylenamido MEA-sulfosuccinate Formaldehyde Hexamidine diisethionate 8-Hydroxyquinoline benzoate 8-Hydroxyquinoline sulfate Imidazolidinyl urea Lactic acid Methenamine hippurate Methylparaben Myristalkonium chloride Phenethyl alcohol Phenol... 

Mitsui Toatsu investigated the rhodium-catalyzed version of this reaction, which can be conducted at a much lower syngas pressure (Scheme 4.22) [10]. To avoid deterioration of the catalyst by HCl, a buffer or an amine was added. 2-Chloropropionaldehyde, which is preferentially obtained, might be converted into racemic lactic acid by oxidation of the aldehyde group and replacement of the chloro substituent by a hydroxy group in a basic medium [11]. Alternatively, treatment of 2-chloropropionic acid with aqueous ammonia produces racemic alanine. 

HCO3, P03, HP03 , and H2PO3 ), and acidic species (lactic, tartaric, citric, and oxalic acid), as well as saccharides (sucrose, glucose, and fructose), did not change significantly the sensor response. Glassy carbon electrodes modified with chloro [3,7,12,17-tetramethyl-8,13-divinylporphyrin-2,18-dipropanoato(2-)] iron... 

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