Laboratory operations overview

An overview is given of plutonium process chemistry used at the U. S. Department of Energy Hanford, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Rocky Flats, and Savannah River sites, with particular emphasis on solution chemistry involved in recovery, purification, and waste treatment operations. By extrapolating from the present system of processes, this paper also attempts to chart the future direction of plutonium process development and operation. Areas where a better understanding of basic plutonium chemistry will contribute to development of improved processing are indicated. 

The historical development and elementary operating principles of lasers are briefly summarized. An overview of the characteristics and capabilities of various lasers is provided. Selected applications of lasers to spectroscopic and dynamical problems in chemistry, as well as the role of lasers as effectors of chemical reactivity, are discussed. Studies from these laboratories concerning time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy of electronically excited states of metal polypyridine complexes are presented, exemplifying applications of modern laser techniques to problems in inorganic chemistry. 

It is useful to give a brief overview of some of the major advantages and limitations of ultrasound as a tool for characterizing the properties of food materials. Ultrasound is fairly inexpensive to purchase and operate, it is robust and can therefore be used in factories, it is capable of rapid and reliable measurements, in a non-destructive and non-invasive manner. In addition, measurements can easily be automated and so the technique is suitable for on-line measurements as well as an analytical instrument in the laboratory. The major disadvantages... 

The present work will mainly focus on biochemical membrane reactors operate at the production scale and give an overview of systems of potential interest studied at the laboratory level. 

This chapter presents an overview of reactive absorption, which is one of the most important industrial reactive separation operations. Industrially relevant systems and equipment are highlighted, the modeling basics and peculiarities are detailed, and the methods of model parameter estimation are discussed. Both steady-state and dynamic modeling issues are addressed. The implementation of the theoretical description is illustrated with a number of up-to-date applications and validated against laboratory-, pilot- and industrial-scale experiments. 

As stated at the outset, this paper is intended to provide a historical overview and some insight as to the types of operations, procedures and equipment used in the Army s Demilitarization Program for Chemical Munitions. In each of the areas discussed there has been a considerable amount of study, laboratory experimentation and pilot testing accomplished to define the specific design criteria. 

This chapter overviews ongoing activities in microchannel process technology development, from single-channel laboratory experiments to industrially-driven, multi-channel and multi-unit development at or near the prototype and pilot level. The non-reactive unit operations covered include heat transfer, mixing, emulsification, phase separation, phase transfer, biological processes, and body force applications. 

This chapter provides an overview of mass spectrometer function and operation. It describes specific instrument types with demonstrated or potential application for measuring radionuclides and surveys the application of these instruments to radionuclide detection. Finally, it discusses the circumstances under which use of mass spectrometers is advantageous, the type of mass spectrometer used for each purpose, and the conditions of sample preparation, introduction and analysis. Its perspective is from a national laboratory active in environmental and non-proliferation monitoring. It emphasizes isotope ratio measurements, but mass spectrometric measurements also provide isotope mass information. Several recent books describe elemental and isotope ratio mass spectrometry in far greater detail than is presented here (Barshick et al., 2000 De Laeter, 2001 Montaser, 1998 Nelms, 2005 Platzner, 1997 Tuniz et al., 1998). High-resolution mass spectrometry forms the basis of the mass scale used for elemental and isotopic masses (Coplen, 2001), but this application of MS falls outside the scope of this chapter. 

Military Operator s View/Perspective of the Warfighter - CDR Mike Penny, CBlRF/4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade Fostering Scientific Breakthroughs Innovation - Prof. J. Rogers Hollingsworth, University of Wisconsin at Madison Overview of the Scenario Process - Dr. Amie Baker, Sandia National Laboratories... 

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