Laboratory apparatus, common organic

To summarise, the ranges and mean values of mobilities of decay product ions in air are similar to, or rather lower than, the mobilities of ordinary atmospheric positive ions. A possible common factor is the clustering of water molecules, but this would not account for the ageing effect observed by Fontan et al. (1969) since the clustering of water molecules normally occurs in less than a millisecond. Raes (1985) and Raes et al. (1985) have pointed out that air in laboratory apparatus often has appreciable concentrations of organic vapours, derived from the materials used, unless care is taken to exclude them. Trace molecules... 

Other apparatus commonly used in the organic laboratory are shown in Fig. 11. 

It will be useful at the very outset to introduce the student to the apparatus that is commonly employed in the organic laboratory. Whether he will personally handle aU the types of apparatus to be described will, of course, depend (i) upon the duration of the course in practical organic chemistry and (ii) upon the facilities provided by the laboratory. Nevertheless, it is deemed advantageous that the student should, at least, know of their existence. 

Robert Lespieau s aim to establish a disciplinary specialization of "chemical theories" in France was partially realized in the work of some of his students, especially Dupont, Prevost, and Kirrmann. For the first time, a clearly defined research school in France practiced the art of "theoretical chemistry" in their study of organic structure and reaction mechanisms. They self-consciously employed physical methods and apparatus, and they stayed in contact with a small network of physicists who were teachers, friends of Lespieau, or immediate colleagues. They had a laboratory terrain that was the home meeting place, no matter what their current affiliation. They had a common history that could be traced back generation by generation in the Ecole Normale laboratory to Berthollet, the "father" of chemical mechanics. 

One of the most important problems in the analysis of phthalates from water samples is the detection of these compounds in the samples used as blanks. Phthalates have been detected in purified water commonly used in laboratories, including water distilled in a glass distillation apparatus, MUli-Q water, and commercially available water specially for VOC (Volatile organic compounds) determination. Therefore, special caution should be taken with the experimental use of water in laboratories. Some authors have reported the levels of phthalate esters found in the purified water employed in its studies (see Table 28.4). The concentrations found are frequently... 

FIGURE 73. Depictions of glassware and metaphors from Porta s De Distillatione (Figure 70) (a) Common retort and appropriate bird (b) fractional distillation apparatus and depiction of a seven-headed beast (or perhaps the Organic Chemistry Laboratory Instructor). 

In this chapter we introduce the basic experimental techniques and associated glassware and apparatus that are commonly used in the organic chemistry laboratory. In some Instances, only the practical aspects of a particular technique are discussed in this chapter, and the theoretical principles underlying it are presented in later chapters. 

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