Labeling symbols

The labelling symbol below appears next to these codes. 

Certification Yes, based on regulation by the state. Assured by legally registered labelling symbols on marketed produce Yes for fair trade no for ethical. No legal status for ethical claims on marketed produce... 

Fig. 5.2 The proposed labelling symbol for insufficiently investigated chemicals...

Harmonized hazard communication elements, including requirements for labeling, symbols, and safety data sheets. 

Fig. lO.a The inset shows the postulated variation of the solubility parameter 8 caused by deuterium labeling (symbols and V correspond to labeled and nonlabeled copolymers, respectively) and due to the change in ethyl ethylene fraction x. The cumulative analysis, described in text, yields the absolute 8 value for deuterated dx (A) and protonated hx (V) copolymers as a function of x at a reference temperature Tref=100 °C determined interaction parameters (as in Fig. 9) allow us to determine two sets of differences AS adjusted here to fit independent PVT data [140,141] measured at 83 °C ( ) and at 121 °C (O). b The interaction parameter, yE/EE, arising from the microstructural difference contribution to the overall effective interaction parameter (hxj/dxpej) in Eq. (19) as a function of the average blend composition (xi+Xj)/2 at a reference temperature of 100 °C.%E/ee values are calculated (see text) from coexistence data ( points correspond to [91,143] and O symbols to [136]) for blend pairs, structurally identical but with swapped labeled component. X marks %e/ee yielded directly [134] for a blend with both components protonated. Solid line is the best fit to data... 

Fabeled means that equipment or materials to which has been attached a label, symbol, or other identifying mark of an organization acceptable to the cognizant DOE authority for fire protection concerned with product evaluation, that maintains periodic inspection of production of labeled equipment or materials and whose labeling the manufacturer indicates compliance with appropriate standards or performance in a specified manner,... 

The diffusion constant obtained by tracing the selected particle among many is the marker diffusion constant. The marker diffusion constant is indicated by the labeling symbol, as D. In contrast, the diffusion constant in Pick s law is defined for the many particles involved in the local concentration, and is called the concentration diffusion coefficient. In dilute solutions where particles move independently of each other, these two diffusion constants are the same. In concentrated solutions, the assumption of independent motion of the particles breaks down by molecular interaction, so that the two diffusion coefficients are not identical. 

Ugtnd label Symbol Freaienar SyatKd a)PvOi Weiift Une w ut 1 Typ. 

Figure 1. Correlation plot of CML content versus carbohydrate content (a), fat content (b), protein content (c), carbohydrate/protein ratio (d) and fat/protein ratio (e) calculated from nutritional information provided on food labels. Symbol key m chocolate drink mixes containing glucose Aother chocolate drink mixes.

Figure 5.18 Experimental phase diagram of three (AB) /(AB)p copolymer blends differing in composition and molecular weight. Molecular characteristics of the neat copolymers (as, Si, S2 and S3) are provided at the top, and regions of phase stability are denoted by the labeled symbols. (Reprinted with permission from Court, F. and Hashimoto, T. Macromolecules 34, 2536, 2001. Copyright (2001) American Chemical Society.)...

In fignre A1.3.9 the Brillouin zone for a FCC and a BCC crystal are illustrated. It is a connnon practice to label high-synnnetry point and directions by letters or symbols. For example, the k = 0 point is called the F point. For cubic crystals, there exist 48 symmetry operations and this synnnetry is maintained in the energy bands e.g., E k, k, k is mvariant under sign pennutations of (x,y, z). As such, one need only have knowledge of (k) in Tof the zone to detennine the energy band tlnoughout the zone. The part of the zone which caimot be reduced by synnnetry is called the irreducible Brillouin zone. 

The symbol M represents the masses of the nuclei in the molecule, which for simplicity are taken to be equal. The symbol is the Kionecker delta. The tensor notation is used in this section and the summation convention is assumed for all repeated indexes not placed in parentheses. In Eq. (91) the NACT appears (this being a matrix in the electronic Hilbert space, whose components are denoted by labels k, m, and a vector with respect to the b component of the nuclear coordinate R). It is given by an integral over the electron coordinates... 

We can now assign the four carbon p-orbitals, one to each carbon. For simplicity, we will label them with the subscript corresponding to the number of the carbon atom to which the AO belongs. We will use the symbol p to denote AOs and P for MOs. We can now write the Hiickel matrix as a square matrix involving the AOs as shown in Figure 7-20. 

When this overall sign is positive, the funetion P is termed "even" and its term symbol is appended with an "e" superseript (e.g., the 2p level of the O atom, whieh has Is22s22p4 oeeupaney is labeled 2pe) if the sign is negative P is ealled "odd" and the term symbol is so amended (e.g., the 2p level of Is22si2pi B+ ion is labeled 2po). 

For homonuclear molecules (e.g., O2, N2, etc.) the inversion operator i (where inversion of all electrons now takes place through the center of mass of the nuclei rather than through an individual nucleus as in the atomic case) is also a valid symmetry, so wavefunctions F may also be labeled as even or odd. The former functions are referred to as gerade (g) and the latter as ungerade (u) (derived from the German words for even and odd). The g or u character of a term symbol is straightforward to determine. Again one... 

Finally, for linear molecules in Z states, the wavefunctions can be labeled by one additional quantum number that relates to their symmetry under reflection of all electrons through a ay plane passing through the molecule s Coo axis. If F is even, a + sign is appended as a superscript to the term symbol if F is odd, a - sign is added. 

For the given orbital oeeupations (eonfigurations) of the following systems, determine all possible states (all possible allowed eombinations of spin and spaee states). There is no need to form the determinental wavefunetions simply label eaeh state with its proper term symbol. One method eommonly used is Harry Grays "box method" found in Eleetrons and Chemical Bonding. 

Ib, and Ic (see Chapter 13) are those of the transition state (the symbol is, by convention, used to label the transition state) ... 

Isotopically labeled compounds may be described by inserting the italic symbol of the isotope in brackets into the name of the compound for example, H C1 is hydrogen chloride[ CZ] or hydrogen chloride-36, and H C1 is hydrogen H chloride[ CZ] or hydrogen-2 chloride-38. 

In the sodium atom pairs of 3/2 states result from the promotion of the 3s valence electron to any np orbital with n > 2. It is convenient to label the states with this value of n, as n P 1/2 and n f 3/2, the n label being helpful for states that arise when only one electron is promoted and the unpromoted electrons are either in filled orbitals or in an x orbital. The n label can be used, therefore, for hydrogen, the alkali metals, helium and the alkaline earths. In other atoms it is usual to precede the state symbols by the configuration of the electrons in unfilled orbitals, as in the 2p3p state of carbon. 

The second symmetry property applies to all diatomics and concerns the symmetry of with respect to reflection across any (n ) plane containing the intemuclear axis. If is symmetric to (i.e. unchanged by) this reflection the state is labelled -I- and if it is antisymmetric to (i.e. changed in sign by) this reflection the state is labelled —as in or Ig. This symbolism is normally used only for I states. Although U, A, doubly degenerate state is... 

The general symbolism for indicating a vibronic transition between an upper and lower level with vibrational quantum numbers v and v", respectively, is i/ — v", consistent with the general spectroscopic convention. Thus the electronic transition is labelled 0-0. 

The starting points for many conventions in spectroscopy are the paper by R. S. Mulliken in the Journal of Chemical Physics (23, 1997, 1955) and the books of G. Herzberg. Apart from straightforward recommendations of symbols for physical quantities, which are generally adhered to, there are rather more contentious recommendations. These include the labelling of cartesian axes in discussions of molecular symmetry and the numbering of vibrations in a polyatomic molecule, which are often, but not always, used. In such cases it is important that any author make it clear what convention is being used. 

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