L- , controlled

Magliozzi, T. L., Control System Prevents Surging in Centrifugal Flow Compressors, Chem. Eng., p.l39. May 8, (1967). 

Strobel, J. D., Laughlin, T. J., Austroy, F., Lilly, M. B., Perkins, B. H., and Dunn, R. L., Controlled-release systems for anticancer agents, Toronto Controlled Release Society, Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Materials. 261-262, 1987. 

Budman, H., Kryzonak, M., and Siiveston, P. L., Control of a nonadiabatic packed bed reactor under periodic flow reversal. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 74, 751-759 (1996). 

Smith, C. L., "Control-Oriented Languages (Table-Driven Software)", pg. 448, "Real-Time Computing", Duncan Mellichamp, ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold (1983),... 

Feller, R. L., "Control of Deteriorating Effects of Light on Museum Objects", Museum. 1964, 17, 57-98. 

Kobro, M., and Brereton, L., Control and Fuel Flexibility of Circulation Fluidized Beds, Circ. Fluid. Bed Tech., 263-272 (1986)... 

Chakravatti, J.L., Control of 222Rn-WL in New Construction at Elliot Lake, presented at Workshop on Radon and Radon Daughters in Urban Communities Associated with Uranium Mining and Processing, Bancroft, Ontario, Atomic Energy Control Board of Canada, AECB-1164 (1979). 

Shapiro-Ilan DI, Mizell RF, Cottrell TE, Horton L. Control of plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar, with entomopathogenic nematodes effects of application, timing, alternate host plant, and nematode strain. Bio Cont. 2008 44 207-215. 

At 1 14 p.m., the operator received a radio transmission from the PCC (Process Control Center) informing him that a "low" gas alarm had been received. Immediately, the operator was informed of two more gas alarms. Upon reaching the E l module, the operator noted the sound of gas escaping somewhere inside the production module. At approximately 1 22 p.m. he climbed the stairs to the E l control room and opened the door to check the fire and gas alarm panel which indicated a high gas atmosphere in the production modules. The operator then requested the Emergency Response Team be put on standby and went to inform three contract workers, in the area of the danger. 

Perchlorate Serum Israel 1,156 Mean 1.97 pg/L (exposed) 0.44 pg/L (control) Newborns who were bom in hospitals and were screened Amitai et al. [246]... 

Rules for the Interpretation of the Product Pattern in [L]-Control Maps 94... 

L%and-Property Control with Respect to [L]-Control Maps. 98... 

Scheme 3.1-2. Comparison of a diagram of a classical acid-base titration in aqueous medium with a [L]-control map for the titration of the catalytic process ...

The two variables change their role with respect to their dependent versus independent, intensive versus extensive nature. This is also true of e.g. calorimetric, conductometric and spectrophotometric titrations using UV-, IR- or NMR-spectrosco-py We additionally have to consider that in the titration of the catalytic process only the external dynamics are measured a direct comparison with the actual metal fraction of the related intermediate complexes is generally not possible We call this analysis of homogeneous catalytic systems by a metal-ligand titration the method of inverse titration and for the resulting diagrams we use the term li nd-concentration control maps ([L]-control maps) . 

To prevent systematic mistakes in the dilution series of the ligand standard solutions, leading to relative shifts in the [L]-control maps, we carried out independent control catalyses on the 250-ml scale. For the ([L]o/[Ni]o) ratio we selected inflection points in the varying product distribution of the [L]-control maps. In Fig. 3.2-2 is exemplified the [L]-control map of the catalytic system nickel/phenyl-diphenoxi-phos-phine/butadiene. ... 

The trimer map is the simplest one. One association process is visible as a typical titration curve. This corresponds to the association process A in the dimer map. An examination of the (L]-control map indicates an alteration in the speed of formation of the trimer (4) and the dimer (5) as the original change in the product pattern. 

Comparing [L]-control maps for up to now fifteen different ligands of the nickel-catalyzed cyclooligomerization of butadiene we found eight independent productdetermining l and-association processes (I — VIII). To find out the respective changes in the [L]-control maps, it is extremely helpful to construct product stream diagrams as described in Scheme 3.2-3. 

For a complete picture, a more detailed analysis of the many elementary steps within the coexisting catalytic cycles is necessary for their range of existence, the initial conditions can be defined by [L]-control maps An example for this is given in Sect. 3.4. 

The [L]-control maps can be used not only for the first analysis of the mechanism (minimum number of intermediate complexes, their product-determining manifold l nd association processes and their coupling) of homogeneous metal-catalyzed reactions but also for the expansion of catalytic systems to four-, five- or even six-component systems. The role of the new component can in many cases be easily deduced from the chaises of the pattern of the corresponding [L][Pg.87]

In Scheme 3.3-1 the [L]-control maps for the three-component system nickel/ triphenylphoq>hine/butadiene and the four-component system nickel/triphenyl-phosphine/butadiene/propene are compared. The amount of the produced... 

In the system nickel/L/butadiene, secondary amines can shift the cyclodimerization of butadiene to the acyclic products (7a) and (75) Its cocatalyst functfon can be visualized by the corresponding [L]-control map (Scheme 3.3-2). In the three-component system nickel/morpholine/butadiene the open-chain products are formed for log ([morpholine]o/[Ni]o) > -1. Both octatrienes (7a) and (75) are formed at the constant ratio of 1.8 over the entire range of the examined amine/nickel scale. However, the efficiency of the catalytic system is low. After a turnover of 30% butadiene, the catalytic activity ends because of the formation of stop complexes of the nickel amide type. 

This example impressively demonstrates the pragmatic value of [L]-control maps for the discovery of the best catalytic channels for a desired product. We successfully used this method applying optimal reaction conditions in the preparation of five- and six-component sterns ... 

These three types of [L]-control maps strikingly remind us of the important role of Ostwald s dilution law in homogeneous catalysis. 

As Scheme 3.3-5 demonstrates, the application of [L]-control maps to reactions in coordination chemistry leads to analogous resultsThe fraction of the CO-in-sertion product in the decomposition of (75) in the presence of CO typically depends on the ligand to metal ratio. 

Scheme 3.3-5. (L)-control maps applied to coordination chemistry for investigating the chemical reaction...

---