Kyrgyzstan

A survey carried out over a polymetallic ore deposit in Kyrgyzstan is described by Glebovskaya and Glebovskii (1960). The traverse shows an increase over the background CO2 concentration of 1-1.5% to a diffuse anomaly of 2-3.5% over the suboutcrop of the ore zone. There is an intense O2 anomaly, with the O2 concentration falling sharply from a consistent background of 20-20.5% O2 immediately over the mineralisation (Fig. 14-8). 

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Sum of mercury production in Russia, Ukraine, and Kyrgyzstan (USSR dissolved Dec. 1991). 

Hepatitis E is associated with more than 50% of the acute hepatitis cases in endemic areas (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma, China, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mexico, the Middle East, Northern Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa). The virus is primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Transmission of HEV is more prominent in underdeveloped countries where sanitation is poor. 

The assessment of air pollution in the Central Asian region is of great significance for environmental risk estimates. Case study countries, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are located in Central Asia and have long boundaries with China, the Asian part of Russia, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Emissions from these countries as well as the... 

Therefore data on anthropogenic and natural emissions in the Asian region are necessary for the assessment of heavy metal pollution in these countries. Pollution of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan by mercury and lead has been initially assessed by means of hemispheric modeling using the available global emission inventories of the considered heavy metals. The outcomes of the assessment are presented in this section. 

Figure 12. Spatial distribution of mercury anthropogenic emission in the Northern Hemisphere (a) and in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan (b) in 1995. Black line in the left figure delineates the EMEP region (Ilyin et al., 2004).

About one third of the total deposition is from Kazakhstan and 10% is from other Asian sources. In both cases about 20% is contributed by natural sources. The total annual deposition of mercury to Kazakhstan amounts to 28 t/yr and to Kyrgyzstan—2.9 t/yr. 

The assessment of lead contamination in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan is based on the global lead emission inventory for 1990 (Pacyna et al., 1995), the only available dataset at the moment. Despite the fact that lead emissions have considerably changed worldwide in the last fourteen years, the outcomes of the assessment can illustrate the general character of the long-range trans-boundary lead pollution in the countries under consideration. 

The spatial distribution of lead anthropogenic emissions in the Northern Hemisphere and particularly in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in 1990 is shown in Figure 15. As is seen the major emission sources were located in Europe. Some significant emissions were also in Eastern Asia and in North America. The total anthropogenic emission of lead in the Northern Hemisphere was about 146 kt/yr, the emissions of lead in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan were 5.8 kt/yr and 0.7 kt/yr, respectively. 

Cooperation in Southeast Asia is the most developed, but Islamic extremists in Central Asia, North Africa and even Europe and North America have also formed loose networks. For instance, in September 2002 the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) was formed, bringing together separatists from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Chechnya, and the Xingjiang Province of China [19]. 

Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences, 256 a, Chui Prospect, Bishkek 720071, Kyrgyzstan, e-mail Djamanbaev-J mail.ru 2 N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Str., Moscow 119334, Russia E-mail GEZaikov yahoo.com... 

J. A. Djamanbaev, V. A. Afanasjev, Z. A. Djamanbaeva / Collection. Carbohydrates and carbohydrate plants of Kyrgyzstan. Publishing house Ilim. Frunze. 1984. p. 3. 

Uzbekistan heroin morphine 11 Kyrgyzstan heroin morphine... 

The largest cannabis producers among the C.I.S countries are Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and Kyrgyzstan. The Russian Federation and Kazakhstan contain the world s largest areas of wild cannabis. 

From Tajikistan it appears that a large share of the drugs also transit Kyrgyzstan, a country almost as poor and also encountering instability. From Kyrgyzstan, the heroin must transit Kazakhstan, which also receives some traffic from Uzbekistan and, presumably, Turkmenistan. 

Fig. 16 Registered drug users in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan...

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