Kolthoff

Stem layer adsorption was involved in the discussion of the effect of ions on f potentials (Section V-6), electrocapillary behavior (Section V-7), and electrode potentials (Section V-8) and enters into the effect of electrolytes on charged monolayers (Section XV-6). More speciflcally, this type of behavior occurs in the adsorption of electrolytes by ionic crystals. A large amount of wotk of this type has been done, partly because of the importance of such effects on the purity of precipitates of analytical interest and partly because of the role of such adsorption in coagulation and other colloid chemical processes. Early studies include those by Weiser [157], by Paneth, Hahn, and Fajans [158], and by Kolthoff and co-workers [159], A recent calorimetric study of proton adsorption by Lyklema and co-workers [160] supports a new thermodynamic analysis of double-layer formation. A recent example of this is found in a study... 

The information given in this table is from the two-volume work Volumetric Analysis by Kolthoff and Stenger, published by Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1942 and 1947, and reproduced with their permission. 

For a general history of titrimetry, see the following sources. Kolthoff, I. M. Analytical Chemistry in the USA in the First Quarter of This Century, Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 24IA-249A. Laitinen, H. A. Ewing, G. W., eds. A History of Analytical Chemistry. The Division of Analytical Chemistry of the American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1977, pp. 52-93. 

When first developed, potentiometry was restricted to redox equilibria at metallic electrodes, limiting its application to a few ions. In 1906, Cremer discovered that a potential difference exists between the two sides of a thin glass membrane when opposite sides of the membrane are in contact with solutions containing different concentrations of H3O+. This discovery led to the development of the glass pH electrode in 1909. Other types of membranes also yield useful potentials. Kolthoff and Sanders, for example, showed in 1937 that pellets made from AgCl could be used to determine the concentration of Ag+. Electrodes based on membrane potentials are called ion-selective electrodes, and their continued development has extended potentiometry to a diverse array of analytes. 

For a description of electrogravimetry, see the following resource. Tanaka, N. Electrodeposition, In Kolthoff, I. M. Living, P. J., eds. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Part I Theory and Practice, Vol. 4. Interscience New York, 1963. 

G. Ingram and M. Lonsdale, in 1. M. Kolthoff and P. J. Living, eds.. Treatise on Analytical Chemistj, Part II, Analytical Chemistj of Inorganic and Organic Compounds, Vol. 11, WUey-lnterscience, New York, 1965, pp. 297—403. 

I. M. Kolthoff, P. J. Elving, and E. J. Meehan, Optical Methods ofMnaljsis, Vol. 8, Treatise on Analytical Chemisty, Part I, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1986. 

I. M. Kolthoff and E. B. Sandell, Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, MacMillan, New York, 1952, p. 534. 

The methods I- 4 of sample preparation are classics. As a mle they give a high value of blank and some of them take a lot of time. Microwave sample preparation is perspective, more convenient and much more faster procedure than classical mineralization. There are some problems with the combination Cendall-Kolthoff s kinetic method and microwave sample preparation which discussed. The experimental data of different complex organic matrix are demonstrated (food products on fat, peptides, hydrocarbone matrix, urine etc). 

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