Klein,

Klein and co-workers have documented the remarkable lubricating attributes of polymer brushes tethered to surfaces by one end only [56], Studying zwitterionic polystyrene-X attached to mica by the zwitterion end group in a surface forces apparatus, they found /i < 0.001 for loads of 100 and speeds of 15-450 nm/sec. They attributed the low friction to strong repulsions existing between such polymer layers. At higher compression, stick-slip motion was observed. In a related study, they compared the friction between polymer brushes in toluene (ji < 0.005) to that of mica in pure toluene /t = 0.7 [57]. 

Aziz R A 1984 Interatomic potentials for rare-gases pure and mixed interactions Inert Gases Potentials, Dynamics and Energy Transfer in Doped Crystals ed M L Klein (Berlin Springer) oh 2, pp 5-86... 

Klein J ef a/1994 Reduction of frictional forces between solid surfaces bearing polymer brushes Nature 370 634-7... 

Martyna G J, Klein M L and Tuckerman M 1992 Nos e-Hoover chains the canonical ensemble via continuous dynamics J. Chem. Phys. 972635—43... 

Tobias D J, Martyna G J and Klein M L 1993 Molecular dynamics simulations of a protein In the canonical ensemble J. Phys. Chem. 9712959-66... 

Martyna G J, Tuckerman M, Tobias D J and Klein M L 1996 Explicit reversible Integrators for extended systems dynamics Mol. Phys. 87 1117-57... 

Sprik M, Klein M L and Chandler D 1985 Staging—a sampling technique for the Monte-Carlo evaluation of path-integrals Phys. Rev. B 31 4234-44... 

Jorgenson W L, Chandrasekhar J, Madura J D, Impey R W and Klein M L 1983 Comparison of simple potential funotions for simulating liquid water J. Chem. Phys. 79 926-35... 

Klein R and D Aguanno B 1996 Scattering properties of colloidal suspensions Light Scattering, Principles and Development ed W Brown (Oxford Clarendon) pp 30-102... 

Klein D L etai 1997 A single-eleotron transistor made from a oadmium selenide nanoorystal Nature 389 699... 

Klein D L ef a/1996 An approaoh to eleotrioal studies of single nanoorystals Appi. Phys. Lett. 68 2574... 

Assistance with the illustrations for the second edition was provided by Drs R Groot, S McGrother and V Milman. Many of the figures from the first edition are also included here and so 1 would like to thank again Dr S E Greasley, Dr M M Harm, Dr H Jhoti, Dr S N Jordan, Professor G R Luckhurst, Dr P M McMeekin, Dr A Nicholls, Dr P Popelier, Dr A Robinson and Dr T E Klein. 

Sprik M and M L Klein 1988. A Polarisable Model for Water Using Distributed Charge Sites. Journal of Chemical Physics 89 7556-7560. 

Fig. 7.15 The variation in torsion angles can be effectively represented as a series of dials, where the time corresponds to the distance from the centre of the dial. Data from a molecular dynamics simulation of an intermolecular complex between the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase and a triazine inhibitor [Leach and Klein 1995].

Leach A R and T E Klein 1995. A Molecular Dynamics Study of the Inhibitors of Dihydrofola Reductase by a Phenyl Triazine. Journal of Computational Chemistry 16 1378-1393. 

Has D ], K Tu and M L Klein 1997. Atomic-scale Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Lipid Membranes. Current Opinion in Colloid and Interfaee Seienee 2 15-26. 

Fig. 11.40 Distribution of strain energy is two knotted polymer chains containing 35 (left) and 28 (right) carbon atoms. The strain energy is localised and most of the bonds immediately outside the entrance point to the knot. (Figure redrawn from Saitta A M, P D Sooper, E Wasserman and M L Klein 1999. Influence of a knot on the strenght of a polymer strand. Nature 399 46-48.)...

Saitta A M, P D Sooper, E Wasserman and M L Klein 1999. Influence of a Knot on the Strength of Pol5 ner Strand. Nature 399 46-48. 

C and T E Klein 1986. Molecular Graphics and QSAR in the Study of Enzyme-Ligand ractions. On the Definition of Bioreceptors. A ccounts of Chemical Research 19 392-400,... 

Z, ] McClarin, T Klein and R Langridge 1985. A Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship and ecular Graphics Study of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. Molecular Pharmacology 27 493-498. 

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