Excretion Through kidneys

The platinum complex (NH3)2PtCl2 is a well-known antitumor agent. Because the drug is soluble in water, it is readily excreted through the kidneys and can cause severe kidney damage. Various procedures are employed clinically to minimize these side effects, but the... 

Clearance refers to the elimination of drug from the body. It is defined as the volume of blood which is completely cleared of drug per unit time. The drug can be eliminated via excretion through kidneys, and/or metabolism in liver, or through other routes such as saliva, milk, sweat, etc. The clearance associated with the kidney is called the renal clearance (C1r), and the clearance associated with other routes including metabolism is known as non-renal... 

Their rapid excretion through liver and kidneys. 

Gentamicin, as with other aminoglycosides, is excreted through the kidney, and in renal impairment there is the risk of accumulation. Consequently doses are reduced and dosing interval increased in patients with renal impairment. 

One example of the effect of substitution on biological potency involves the popular drug acetaminophen (Tylenol ). Acetaminophen is almost completely metabolized in the liver with the production of harmless products that are excreted through the kidneys. A small amount of the drug maybe metabolized, however, to a toxic product, N-acetyl-p-henzo-quinone imine. In cases where large quantities... 

A plethora of methods has been developed to evaluate renal function by dynamic renography and remote analysis of the excretion of renal function markers. The underlying principle is that the kidneys excrete a majority of small hydrophilic molecules and their clearance, secretion, or fixation in the kidney is quantifiable. When a renal marker in plasma is filtered through the glomeruli, the accumulation of the filtrate in the Bowman s capsule. One or more of the following events may occur in the renal tubule once a marker is filtered or is in plasma [171] ... 

Venlafaxine is rapidly absorbed following oral administration. Venlafaxine = 5 hours) is metabolized through the CYP450-2D6 and CYP450-3A4 systems to its active metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine = 11 hours), and is excreted through the kidney (Kla-merus et al., 1992). 

Boron elfectively counteracts symptoms of fluoride intoxication in humans (Zhou etal. 1987) and in rabbits poisoned experimentally (Elsair et al. 1980a, 1980b, 1981). Humans suffering from skeletal fluorosis experienced 50 to 80% improvement after drinking solutions containing 300 to IKX) mg of borax per liter daily, 3 weeks a month for 3 months (Zhou et al. 1987). Boron enhances sequestration of fluoride from bone and excretion through kidneys and possibly the intestinal tract (Elsair et al. 1980a, 1981). 

It is rapidly absorbed and undergoes extensive first pass metabolism and excreted through kidney and faeces. 

Clonazepam is well absorbed orally and approximately 85 percent is bound with plasma proteins, completely metabolized in liver and excreted through kidney. 

It is rapidly absorbed, metabolised by hydroxylation and conjugation to inactive metabolites and excreted through kidney. 

Some chemicals that strongly bind to biological receptors (ligands) can produce toxicity directly. However, most toxic chemicals are not intrinsically reactive and must be metabolized to reactive intermediates that often covalently bind to macromolecules (DNA, proteins, etc.), and, if present at a sufficient level, lead to toxicity. Metabolism generally serves to make lipophilic compounds more hydrophilic in order to facilitate excretion through the liver and into the bile for excretion into the feces or through the kidneys and into the urine. This process generally... 

It is well absorbed by oral or parenteral routes and is excreted relatively slowly. Although tylosin is extensively metabolized, the parent compound always occurs in tissues at higher concentration than its metabolites (94). After oral administration of radiolabeled tylosin to swine, almost all of the radioactivity was excreted through the feces in the form of tylosin A, tylosin D, and dihydrodes-mycosin very low concentrations of these residues were also present in liver and kidney (95). 

Upon intramammary administration to cattle, novobiocin is rapidly absorbed and excreted through milk, feces, and urine. Detectable residues are present in milk for a few days after intramammary infusion, the elimination being highly depended on dosage and formulation. One day after treatment, the concentrations of microbiologically active residues in the liver, kidney, and udder tissue were in the range 1-4 ppm, whereas concentrations in muscle and fat were below 0.1 ppm. 

A semiautomated enzyme immunoassay was recently developed as a means to investigate the use of urine and bile as potential matrices for screening residues of sulfamethazine and sulfadiazine in swine (67). Urine was chosen as the screening matrix because sulfonamides are mainly excreted through this body fluid compared with urine, the levels of sulfonamides in plasma, serum, and bile drop relatively sharply after withdrawal. An extensive investigation was followed to compare the efficiency of sulfonamide-positive bile and urine at predicting sulfonamide-positive kidneys. Bile was found to be an extremely efficient predictor of... 

Cadmium is bound to proteins and red blood cells in blood and transported in this form, but 50% to 75% of the body burden is located in the liver and kidneys. The half-life of cadmium in the body is between 7 and 30 years, and it is excreted through the kidneys, particularly after they become damaged. 

Most muscle relaxants are absorbed fairly easily from the gastrointestinal tract, and the oral route is the most frequent method of drug administration. In cases of severe spasms, certain drugs such as methocarbamol and orphenadrine can be injected intramuscularly or intravenously to permit a more rapid effect. Likewise, diazepam and dantrolene can be injected to treat spasticity if the situation warrants a faster onset. As discussed earlier, continuous intrathecal baclofen administration may be used in certain patients with severe spasticity, and local injection of botulinum toxin is a possible strategy for treating focal dystonias and spasticity. Metabolism of muscle relaxants is usually accomplished by hepatic microsomal enzymes and the metabolite or intact drug is excreted through the kidneys. 

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