Kidney physiology

Okusa MD, Ellison DH (2000) Physiology and pathophysiology of diuretic actions. In Seldin DW, Giebisch G (eds) The kidney. Physiology and pathophysiology. Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia, p. 2877-2922... 

Palmer LG, Garty H (2000) Epithelial Na Channels. In Seldin DW, Giebisch G, (eds.) The Kidney physiology and pathophysiology, 3rdedn, vol 1. Lippincot Williams Wilkins Philadelphia, pp 251—276... 

Maack T, Park CH, Camargo MJF, In The Kidney, Physiology and Pathophysiology (Eds Seldin DW, Giebiscb G), pp. 1773-1803. Raven Press, New York, 1985. 

Electrolytes and other plasma components with low molecular weights enter the primary urine by ultrafiltration (right). Most of these substances are recovered by energy-depen-dent resorption (see p. 322). The extent of the resorption determines the amount that ultimately reaches the final urine and is excreted. The illustration does not take into account the zoning of transport processes in the kidney (physiology textbooks may be referred to for further details). 

I, M. Weiner, Organic acids and bases and uric acid, The Kidney, Physiology and Pathofdiysiology (D. W. Seidin and G. Giebisch, eds.). Raven Press, New York, 1703-1724, 1985. 

An understanding of ion pumps and channels, especially those of the kidney, may aid in understanding the issues of Na and K nutrition. These issues, discussed along with the material on kidney physiology, include the use of diuretics, sweating, blood pressure, and life-threatening conditions involving abnormal levels of plasma Na and K. 

Lieberthal W, Levinsky NG. Acute renal failure. In The kidney physiology and pathophysiology. Seldin W, Giebish G (editors). Raven Press, New York 1992 p 3181-3225. 

Cyclophosphamide can also cause tubular necrosis in experimental animals [82]. No clinical nephrotoxicity has been described, even when carefully assessed in patients receiving high doses of cyclophosphamide [83, 84]. Although there are no detectable alterations of renal function tests, some subtle changes in tubular kidney physiology do occur. Bode and associates [85] studied the mechanism of water retention that occurs from cyclophosphamide. They determined that cyclophosphamide directly affected the tubules, causing increased water resorbtion and sodium loss. This water retention is self-limited and lasts only a day or two. It is not a major clinical problem. 

Costanzo LS, Windhager EE. Renal regulation of calcium balance. In Seldin DN, Griebisch G, eds. The kidney physiology and pathophysiology. 2nd ed. New York Raven Press, 1992 2375-95. 

Dennis V, Robinson RR. Proteinuria. In The Kidney physiology and pathophysiology. Seldin DW, Giebisch G (editors). River Press, New York 1985 p. 1805. 

De Fronzo RA (1992) Clinical disorders of hyperkalemia. In Seldin DW and Giebisch G, eds. The Kidney Physiology and Pathophysiology. 2nd edn. Raven Press New York, pp. 2279-2337. 

G, eds. The Kidney Physiology and Pathophysiology. Raven Press New York, pp. 2191-2208. 

FIGURE 30-5 Modified from Jackson EK et al. Physiological functions of die renal prostaglandin, renin, and kallikrein systems. In The Kidney Physiology and Pathophysiology. DW Seldin and G Giebisch (eds). New York, Raven, 1985. 

To understand the mechanism of concentration of urine in the kidney under the influence of antidiuretic hormones, it is necessary to briefly review some elementary concepts in kidney physiology. Although the osmolarity of the glomerular filtrate is equal to that of plasma, the osmotic pressure of the interstitial tissue in the renal medulla and papilla is greater than that of plasma. Vasopressin changes the permeability of the limiting membrane and facilitates the reabsorption of water from the tubular lumen (isosmotic) toward the interstitial tissue of the hyperosmotic medulla and papilla. 

Pritchard JB, Miller DS (1992) Proximal tubular transport of organic anions and cations. In Seldin DW, Giebisch G (eds) The kidney physiology and pathophysiology, vol 2, 2nd edn. Raven, New York, p 2921 Rabinowitz MB, Kopple JD, Wetherill GW (1976) Kinetic analysis of lead metabolism in healthy humans. Clin Invest 90 700-706 Roels HA, Boeckx M, Ceulemans E, Lauwerys RR (1991) Urinary excretion of mercury after occupational exposure to mercury vapor and influence of the chelating agent meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA). Br J Ind Med 48 247-253... 

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