Ketones, preparation from carboxylic acid Lead oxide

Nickel(lll) oxide, prepared from a nickel(ii) salt and sodium hypochlorite, is used for the oxidation of alkanols in aqueous alkali [46]. Residual nickel(Ii) oxide can be re-activated by reaction with sodium hypochlorite. Nickel oxides have also long been used in the manufacture of the positive pole in the Edison nickel-iron rechargeable battery, now largely superseded by die lead-acid accumulator, and in the Jungner nickel-cadmium batteries used as button cells for calculators [47]. Here, prepared nickel oxide is pressed into a holding plate of perforated nickel. Such prepared plates of nickel(lli) oxide have been proposed as reagent for the oxidation, in alkaline solution, of secondary alcohols to ketones and primary alcohols to carboxylic acids [48]. Used plates can be regenerated by anodic oxidation. 

Diacids.—Cyclic /3-keto-sulphides, which are easily prepared from the parent ketone, can be oxidized to the acetates (7), which on further oxidation with alkaline hydrogen peroxide undergo ring opening to aw-diacids (Scheme 4). Similar treatment of linear carboxylic acid esters, but using iodine in methanol in the final step, leads to a a-keto-ester ketals (8). 

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