Karlsruhe Congress

The Karlsruhe Congress A Centennial Retrospect. J. Chem. Educ. 38, 83-86 (1961). 

See M. J. Nye, ed. and intro, xixxxxxxi, The Question of the Atom From the Karlsruhe Congress to the First Solvay Conference, 18601911 (San Francisco Tomash, 1984). 

As soon as accurate atomic weights forthe elements became available, all of the necessary groundwork had been laid for the appearance of the periodic table. In fact, it was only some 18 months after the Karlsruhe Congress that the first periodic table was published. The French mineralogist Alexandre... 

This sentence makes clear that Kekul adheres to the equal volumes, equal molecules principle of Avogadro and Ampere, The principle was used by Laurent (cf. his Chmical Method, pp. 65-68) in his development of consistent formulas. As far as organic chemistry was concerned, the reform had been essentially completed before the Karlsruhe Congress of 1860.—O.T.B.]... 

Mendeleev also attended the 1860 Karlsruhe Congress, the first international chemistry conference. Many of the leading chemists of the day were in attendance, and one of the central questions addressed was the appropriate method for calculating atomic weight. Different chemists used different systems, leading to widespread confusion over everything from nomenclature to chemical formulas. Mendeleev heard the Itafian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro present Amedeo Avogadro s hypothesis that equal vol-tunes of gas under equal temperature and pressure contained equal numbers of molecules. 

FIGURE 264. Cannizzaro s system of atomic weights based upon Avogadro s Hypothesis (of 1811) and recalled in his 1858 paper and presentation at the 1860 Karlsruhe Congress. This figure is from S. Cannizzaro, Scritti Intorno Alla Teoria Molecolare Ed Atomica ed alia Notazione Chimica Di S. Cannizzaro (Palermo, 1896). 

Karlsruhe congress, 101 Keeper of the Muserrm, 96 kinetics of reactiorts, see reactiorts... 

All this, we note, was before the Karlsruhe Congress. At the congress... 

But Wurtz s campaign extended beyond the confines of the Societe the Karlsruhe Congress was another element of it. See Rocke (2001). 

The year of the Karlsruhe Congress also saw the introduction of a technique which resulted in the detection of several new elements. The number of known elements had remained at 58 since 1844, since those as yet unknown were generally present in minerals in quantities too small to be revealed by the analytical techniques then in use. It was with the introduction of the spectroscope by Bunsen and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887) in 1860 that the detection of further elements became possible. 

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