2-K method

The driving force (DF) is given by Eq. (7-45), in which the K- s are related to the other variables by the Moody diagram (or Churchill equation) for each pipe segment (Kpipe), and by the 3-K method for each valve and fitting (Kfit), as a function of the Reynolds number ... 

For each valve and fitting, calculate K from NReh and Dt, using the 3-K method. 

Using A Repi and n, calculate / (and the corresponding Kpipe) for each pipe section from the power law friction factor equation [Eq. (6-44)], and calculate Kt for each valve and fitting using the 3-K method [Eq. (7-38)]. 

There are insufhcient data in the literature to enable reliable correlation or prediction of friction loss in valves and fittings for non-Newtonian fluids. As a first approximation, however, it may be assumed that a correlation analogous to the 2-K or 3-K method should apply to non-Newtonian... 

Most line has pipe fittings, such as elbows, tees, reducers. It also has block valves, check valves, or instruments, such as control valve and oriflce flow meter. They will cause pressure drop in tine. In this section, we will discuss how to calculate pressure drop thru pipe fltting, block valve, check valve, and control valve using loss coefficient, K, since their pressure drops are required in hydraulic loop pressure profile calculation. Darby s 3-K. method will be used to calculate these pressure drops [ 12]. It is better than two K method or equivalent line length methods. Fittings and valves pressure drop (in terms of pressure head, H) is calculated by flillowing equation, ... 

Fig. XVII-30. Adsorption of Na on a silica gel at 77.3 K, expressed as a u-/ plot, illustrating a method for micropore analysis. (From Ref. 230.)...

K. Hagstrom, K. Siren, and A. Zhivov, Calculation Methods for Air Supply Design m Industrial Facilities—Literature Review, Espoo Helsinki University of Technology, 1999, Report B60. 

Ionic liquid system Cation Anion(s) Temperature (K) Conductivity (jsj, mS cm Conduc- tivity method Viscosity (n), cP Viscosity method Density (p), g cm 3 Density method Molar Conductivity (A), cm 0 mor Walden product (An) Ref. 

In a more sophisticated version of this technique, called the k-nearest neighbour method (k-NN method), one selects the k nearest objects to u and applies a majority rule u is classified in the group to which the majority of the k objects belong. Figure 33.12 gives an example of a 3-NN method. One selects the three nearest neighbours (A, B and C) to the unknown u. Since A and B belong to L, one... 

Newtonian fluids can be correlated by this method that is, the same correlation applies to both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids when the Newtonian Reynolds number is replaced by either Eq. (7-40) for the power law fluid model or Eq. (7-41) for the Bingham plastic fluid model. As a first approximation, therefore, we may assume that the same result would apply to friction loss in valves and fittings as described by the 2-K or 3-K models [Eq. 7-38)]. 

In 1950, Pomeranchuck (1913-1966) predicted that for 3He on the melting curve below about 0.3 K, the entropy of liquid is smaller than that of solid. It was only after 15 years that Anufriev [2], after Pomeranchuck s suggestion, succeeded in reducing the temperature from 50 to 18mK in an experiment based on this 3He property. Four years later, the Pomeranchuck method produced a temperature of 2mK [3],... 

Flow of Liquid through a Hole in a Tank 116 4-4 Flow of Liquids through Pipes 121 2-K Method 124... 

Eq. (8) requires determination of the two-electron oxidation potential of L M by electrochemical methods. When combined with the two-electron reduction of protons in Eq. (9), the sum provides Eq. (10), the AGh- values of which can be compared for a series of metal hydrides. Another way to determine the AGh-entails the thermochemical cycle is shown in Scheme 7.3. This method requires measurement of the K of Eq. (11) for a metal complex capable of heterolytic cleavage of H2, using a base (B), where the pK., of BH+ must be known in the solvent in which the other measurements are conducted. In several cases, Du-Bois et al. were able to demonstrate that the two methods gave the same results. The thermodynamic hydricity data (AGh- in CH3CN) for a series of metal hydrides are listed in Table 7.4. Transition metal hydrides exhibit a remarkably large range of thermodynamic hydricity, spanning some 30 kcal mol-1. 

K. Biemann, Nomenclature for Peptide Fragment Ions. In Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 193, J. A. McCloskey (ed.), Elsevier Science and Technology, Orlando, FL, 1990, 886-888. 

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