Josiah Willard

Greenwood, Norman N., and Earnshaw, A. (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. New York Pergamon Press. 

Kauzlarich, Susan M., ed. (1996). Chemistry Structure and Bonding of Zintl Phases and Ions. New York VCH. 

Stwertka, Albert (1998). A Guide to the Elements, revised edition. New York Oxford University Press. 

When one aspect of Gibbs s work in thermodynamics, the phase rule, is considered, just how important the discovery of this theoretical system 

Al203 or MgAI204 this mineral is called spinel also a structural type 

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Figure 3.5. Portniit of Josiah Willard Gibbs (courtesy F. Scil/).

Dcltctc, U. J. (1996). Josiah Willard Gibbs and Wilhelm Ostwald A Contrast m Scientifc Style. Journal of Chemical Education 73(4) 2S9-295. 

The work on gas theory had many extensions. In 1865 Johann Josef Loschmidt used estimates of the mean free path to make the first generally accepted estimate of atomic diameters. In later papers Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, and Josiah Willard Gibbs extended the rrratherrratics beyorrd gas theory to a new gerreralized science of statistical mechanics. Whenjoined to quantum mechanics, this became the foundation of much of modern theoretical con-derrsed matter physics. 

See also Ampere, Andre-Marie Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Electricity Electricity, History of Faraday, Michael Gibbs, Josiah Willard Magnetism and Magnets Molecular Energy Oersted, Hans Christian Thomson, William. 

See also Carnot, Nicholas Leonard Sadi Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Gibbs, Josiah Willard Heat Transfer Helmoltz, Herman von Joule, James Prescott Ostwald, Wilhelm Thermodynamics,... 

The Gibbs free energy is named for Josiah Willard Gibbs (Fig. 7.23), the nineteenth-century American physicist who was responsible for turning thermodynamics from an abstract theory into a subject of great usefulness. 

This section is based on concepts developed by Josiah Willard Gibbs in 1874-1878 [see also Guggenheim (1933) and Delahay (1965)]. 

J. W. Gibbs (letter of acceptance of the Rumford Medal, January 10, 1881) quoted in L. P. Wheeler, Josiah Willard Gibbs, The History of a Great Mind (New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1962), p. 88. 

The Gibbs function G is named after Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903), a humble American who contributed to most areas of physical chemistry. He also had a delightful sense of humour A mathematician may say anything he pleases, but a physicist must be at least partially sane. ... 

Josiah Willard Gibbs, 1839-1903. American mathematician and physicist, Yale College. 

Symbol Gibbs free energy is denoted eponymously by G, after Josiah Willard Gibbs, ca. 1873, who single-handedly created much of chemical thermodynamics. In the older literature F was sometimes used. Equation since G = H TS, the free energy of a molecule can be calculated from its enthalpy (above) and entropy at temperature 7 the entropy is calculated by standard statistical mechanics methods [130]. 

Wheeler LP (1951) Josiah Willard Gibbs. The history of a great mind. Yale University Press, New Haven, Ct... 

However, using entropy as a criterion of whether a biochemical process can occur spontaneously is difficult, as the entropy changes of chemical reactions are not readily measured, and the entropy change of both the system and its surroundings must be known. These difficulties are overcome by using a different thermodynamic function, free energy (G), proposed by Josiah Willard Gibbs which combines the first and second laws of thermodynamics ... 

G. K. Khatib, Change of Phase The transformation of nineteenth-century thermodynamics. Josiah Willard Gibbs (1873-1878) , Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, 1992 Univ. Microfilms order no. 92-36104. 

R. J. Deltete and D. L. Thorsell, Josiah Willard Gibbs and Wilhelm Ostwald a contrast in scientific style ,./. Chem. Educ., 1996, 73, 289-295. 

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