Japan surrender

Three days later, Pauling read that another of the new weapons had destroyed the city of Nagasaki. Shortly after that, Japan surrendered. World War II was over. Americans danced in the streets, and Pauling and his family joined in the general euphoria. 

The plutonium-235 implosion assembly, nicknamed Fat Man, was used in the bombing of Nagasaki 3 days later. On the morning of the bombing, Japan s Supreme Council for the Direction of the War met in the prime minister s bomb shelter. The meeting was deadlocked because some still wanted to continue the war. After the second use of an atomic bomb, Japan surrendered. 

Atomic bomb (J. Robert Oppenheimer) Oppenheimer, the scientific leader of the Manhattan Project, heads the team that builds the atomic bomb. On the side of military use of the bomb to end World War II quickly, Oppenheimer saw this come to pass on August 6, 1945, when the bomb was dropped over Hiroshima, Japan, killing and maiming 150,000 people a similar number of casualties ensued in Nagasaki on August 9, when the second bomb was dropped. Japan surrendered on August 14. 

Following Japans surrender in 1945, General Ishii ordered Unit 731 burned to the ground, but the United States granted amnesty to Japanese scientists involved in BW research on the condition that they disclose all of their data, including the results of human experimentation. The United States and Soviet governments held hearings (some secret) in which details of Ishii s work were further disclosed. 

The Japanese also used chemical weapons during WWn. The Japanese Imperial Army injured and killed close to 100,000 people during the war using chemical and biological weapons. An estimated two million chemical warfare munitions and approximately 100 tons of toxic chemicals were abandoned in China alone when Japan surrendered. These abandoned chemical munitions continue to inflict casualties. As recently as August 4,2003, mustard gas leaking from an abandoned Japanese chemical weapons plant in northeast China killed at least 1 civilian and injured 35 others. Abandoned chemical weapons in China have caused an estimated 2,000 deaths since WWII. 

Their work led to the explosion of the first atomic bomb in the New Mexico desert at 5 30 a.m. on July 16,1945. Less than a month later (August 6,1945), the world learned of this new weapon when another bomb was exploded over Hiroshima. This bomb killed 70,000 people and completely devastated an area of 10 square kilometers. Three days later, Nagasaki and its inhabitants met a similar fate. On August 14, Japan surrendered, and World War II was over. 

Going out of the Palace, I felt a sudden relief. It was about two and a half years after Germany had surrendered, and about two years since Japan had surrendered, and I was sure this trial would make a strong contribution to eventual peace. 

Despite Germany s surrender, Japan continued to resist the unconditional surrender demanded by the Allied Forces. Knowing that the U.S. would shortly have enriched uranium and plutonium bombs ready for use enabled Truman to avoid extending Japan an offer of surrender that allowed the Emperor to continue to rule. On July 26, 1945, the Potsdam Declaration was issued via radio to Japan. President Truman, Chiang Kai-Shek of Nationalist China, and Winston Churchill of Great Britain called on the Japanese government to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction. 4 Japanese leadership rejected the declaration on July 29, 1945. 

The first atomic bomb was tested at an isolated desert location in New Mexico on July 16,1945. President Truman then issued an ultimatum to Japan that a powerful new weapon could soon be used against them. On August 8, a single atomic bomb destroyed the city of Hiroshima with over 80,000 casualties. On August 11, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki with a similar result. The Japanese leaders surrendered three days later. 

August 14, 1945 Japan offers to surrender. The surrender becomes official on September 2, 1945. 

In the spring of 1945, preparations began in the Pacific for the use of the atomic bomb. On May 8, 1945, Germany surrendered, and the project was then focused solely on Japan. On July 16, 1945, a test device code-named Gadget was detonated at the Alamogordo Bombing Range in New Mexico as part of Project Trinity, the first explosion of a nuclear weapon. The success of the first test of a nuclear weapon was a testament to the ability of the leadership of the Manhattan Project to carry out an unprecedented industrial project, with the world s most talented scientists... 

On August 6, 1945, after Japan refused to surrender nnconditionally, the first atomic bomb, named Little Boy, a U-based bomb, was dropped over Hiroshima, Japan. Three days later, Fat Man, a plutonium-based weapon, was dropped on Nagasaki. 

For the last fifty years, we have been taught that the A-bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki saved up to one million American lives that would have been lost if the United States had invaded Japan. Is this true Was the bombing necessary I believe that the answer is no. Recently released evidence suggests that a diplomatic solution could have been found, particularly as Japan was close to surrendering in the summer of 1945. Instead, the president and his advisors succumbed to anti-Japanese rhetoric and unleashed weapons of mass destruction on the world. 

There remained the brutal conflict Japan had begun in the Pacific and refused despite her increasing destruction to end by unconditional surrender. 

Within the text of his proposal the Secretary of War several times characterized it as the equivalent of an unconditional surrender, but others did not see it so. Before Byrnes left for Potsdam he had carried the document to ailing Cordell Hull, a fellow Southerner and Franklin Roosevelt s Secretary of State from 1933 to 1944, and Hull had immediately plucked out the concession to the present dynasty —the Emperor Hiro-hito, in whose mild myopic figure many Americans had personified Japanese militarism—and told Byrnes that the statement seemed too much like appeasement of Japan. ... 

We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces The alternative for Japan is... 

We faced a terrible decision, Byrnes wrote in 1947. We could not rely on Japan s inquiries to the Soviet Union about a negotiated peace as proof that Japan would surrender unconditionally without the use of the bomb. In fact, Stalin stated the last message to him had said that Japan would fight to the death rather than accept unconditional surrender. Under the circumstances, agreement to negotiate could only arouse false hopes. Instead, we relied upon the Potsdam Declaration. ... 

Bernstein, Barton J. 1977. The perils and politics of surrender ending the war with Japan and avoiding the third atomic bomb. Pacific Historical Review. Feb. Bernstein, Jeremy. 1975. Physicist. New Yorker. 1 Oct. 13. II Oct. 20. 

Butow, Robert J. C. 1954. Japan s Decision to Surrender, Stanford University Press. Byrnes, James F. 1947. Speaking Frankly, Harper Bros. 

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