Jaborandi

Jaborandi leaves were first used in medieine in 1874 by Dr-. Coutinho, of Pemambueo, by whom the drug was sent to Europe. Holmes showed that up to 1893 jaborandi was obtained from P. Jaborandi Holmes and not as had been supposed from P. pennatifolius Lem. Since 1896 the plaee of these species has been taken by the leaves of P. microphyllus Stapf. The leaves of P. Selloanus Engler and P. trachylophus Holmes have also appeared on the market from time to time. 

P. Jaborandi (Holmes). Pernambuco jaborandi. Piiocarpine isopilocarpine ( ) piloearpidine 0 72 0 07... 

P. pennatifolius (Lemaire). Paraguay jaborandi i ilocarpine isopilocarpine 0 2-0 3 ... 

P. microphyllus (Stapf). Maranham jaborandi Pilocarpine isopilocarpine pilosine 0-70-0 78 0 45 ... 

P. spicatus (St. Hilaire). Aracati jaborandi Piiocarpine f-Jaborine 0-16 ... 

The extraction of alkaloids from jaborandi has been dealt with by Wurtzen, and the estimation of pilocarpine in the drug and its preparations by Jowett and by Bourcet and more recently by Taran and by Shupe.ii Elvidge has devised a colorimetric method based on Ekkert s test, < and a polarographic study has been made by Kirkpatrick. Tlie two first-pamed authors depend on the isolation of pilocarpine nitrate, which is also the basis of the process of manufacture described by Cheninitius.12... 

Pilocarpidine, CiqHiiOjNj. This alkaloid was obtained by Harnack from P. Jaborandi, and later by Merck from the mother liquors from crystallisation of pilocarpine nitrate. It does not occur in the leaves of P. microphyllus (Jowett, ). The free base is a viscid oil, [a]n + 81-3° (less in presence of alkali). The salts crystallise well the nitrate, B. HNO3, in colourless prisms, m.p. 137°, - -73-2°. The aurichloride, unlike... 

By extraction of Jaborandi leaves (especially Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf.) and isolation as hydrochloride. 

Examples of alkaloid of relative pharmaceutical usefulness so far characterized from Rutaceae are pilocarpine from Pilocarpus jaborandi Holmes. This imidazole alkaloid is occasionally used to treat glaucoma. 

The choline ester, carbachol, activates M-cholinoceptors, but is not hydrolyzed by AChE. Carbachol can thus be effectively employed for local application to the eye (glaucoma) and systemic administration (bowel atonia, bladder ato-nia). The alkaloids, pilocarpine (from Pilocarpus jaborandi) and arecoline (from Areca catechu betel nut) also act as direct parasympathomimetics. As tertiary amines, they moreover exert central effects. The central effect of muscarinelike substances consists of an enlivening, mild stimulation that is probably the effect desired in betel chewing, a widespread habit in South Asia. Of this group, only pilocarpine enjoys therapeutic use, which is limited to local application to the eye in glaucoma... 

Pilocarpine (15) Pilocarpus jaborandi Holmes (jaborandi), and related species Cholinergic (parasympathomimetic)... 

Pilocarpine (30) is one of a series of related alkaloids found in the South American plant genus Pilocarpus, known commonly as Jaborandi leaf, which was used in traditional medicine to induce sweating and urination. The molecular structure of (30) bears similarities to ACh (2) since the positively-charged N-atom and the lactone binding to the serine are about the same distance apart. Chewing the leaf results in typical features... 

The basic alkaloid in Pilocarpus jaborandi (Rutaceae) is pilocarpine, a molecule of which contains an imidazole nucleus and is also used as a clinical drug. During alkaloid synthesis, L-histidine can produce the manzamine nucleus (Figure 27). These alkaloids are quite widespread, though they were first isolated in the late 1980s in marine sponges. They have an unusual polycyclic system and a very broad range of bioactivities. Common alkaloids with this nucleus include manzamine A, manzamine B, manzamine X, manzamine Y, sextomanzamine A and so on. 

Action Combo of P-adrenergic bronchodilator quaternary anticholinogic Dose 2 inhal qid neb 3 mL q6h Caution [C, +] Contra Peanut/soybean allergy Disp Met-dose inhaler soln for neb (DuoNeb) SE Palpitations, tach, nervousness, GI upset, dizziness, blurred vision Interactions T Effects Wf anticholinergics, including ophthalmic meds effects W/ herb jaborandi tree, pill-bearing spurge EMS See Albuterol may cause transient blurred vision/irritation... 

Almocarpine/ Brazilian Pilocarpus Ayerst jaborandi Holmes,... 

Source leaflets of South American shrub Pilocarpus jaborandi Uses treatment of open-angle glaucoma... 

Jaborandi leaves (Pilocarpus microphyllus and P. jaborandi Rutaceae) are also probably derived from histidine, but experimental data are lacking. Jaborandi leaves contain primarily pilocarpine and pilosine (Figure 6.112). Pilocarpine is valuable in... 

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