Isomeric transition, chemical effects

Figure 9.9. Charge distribution of the ions a) after decay of Xe b) after isomeric transition of (According to A. H. Snell, F. Pleasonton, T. A. Carlson Proceedings Series, Chemical Effects of Nuclear Transformations, Vol. I. IAEA Vienna 1961, S. 147.)...

E. Segre et al. Italy, USA Chemical effect of isomeric transition attributable... 

Reactor irradiation of O.lM-KBrOa in aqueous solution, followed by isomeric transition of the Br, gives Br (92.1%), Br (0%), and Br 05 (7.7%). The chemical effects of Br(n,y) Br, Br(n,y) Br, and Br-(I.T.) Br have been followed in SbBra-benzene solutions. Higher yields of substituted organic compounds are obtained in solution than in the solid state because of the formation of free Br2. The isomeric transition of I in benzene solutions has also been studied. ... 

The chemical compositions and isomeric structures of the fatty acid chains of phospholipids is well known to have large effects on the physical properties of lipid bilayers, such as the temperatures of endothermic chain melting phase transitions. Lipid vesicles sensitized with lipid haptens can be agglutinated with specific antibodies directed against the haptens (see Fig. 1). 

Cotton-Mouton effect), NMR chemical shift and coupling constants, the optical rotation of polarized light and correlation coefficients between different properties. Extensions to incorporate long-range interactions have also been elaborated11 and it has even been possible to adapt RIS theory for the description of the dynamics of transitions between rotational isomeric states.12,13... 

Spectroscopic methods can be used to specify the position of donors and acceptors before photoexcitation [50]. This spatial arrangement can obviously influence the equilibrium eomplexation in charge transfer complexes, and hence, the optical transitions accessible to such species [51]. This ordered environment also allows for effective separation of a sensitizing dye from the location of subsequent chemical reactions [52], For example, the efficiency of cis-trans isomerization of A -methyl-4-(p-styryl)pyridinium halides via electron transfer sensitization by Ru(bpy) + was markedly enhanced in the presence of anionic surfactants (about 100-fold) [53], The authors postulate the operation of an electron-relay chain on the anionic surface for the sensitization of ions attached electrostatically. High adsorptivity of the salt on the anionic micelle could also be adduced from salt effects [53, 54]. The micellar order also influenced the attainable electron transfer rates for intramolecular and intermolecular reactions of analogous molecules (pyrene-viologen and pyrene-ferrocene) solubilized within a cationic micelle because the difference in location of the solubilized substances affects the effective distance separating the units [55]. 

Chemists have increasingly used computational chemistry to study aspects of organometallic chemistry. Although Chapter 2 and subsequent chapters make good use of qualitative molecular orbital theory, the ready availability of easy-to-use computational chemistry software and the powerful capability of modem desktop computers allow chemists to effectively model complex systems to obtain minimum energy geometry of molecules, determine transition state energies, and predict the course of chemical reactions, particularly if two or more isomeric products could form. Researchers have modeled entire catalytic cycles, which... 

Medium pore aluminophosphate based molecular sieves with the -11, -31 and -41 crystal structures are active and selective catalysts for 1-hexene isomerization, hexane dehydrocyclization and Cg aromatic reactions. With olefin feeds, they promote isomerization with little loss to competing hydride transfer and cracking reactions. With Cg aromatics, they effectively catalyze xylene isomerization and ethylbenzene disproportionation at very low xylene loss. As acid components in bifunctional catalysts, they are selective for paraffin and cycloparaffin isomerization with low cracking activity. In these reactions the medium pore aluminophosphate based sieves are generally less active but significantly more selective than the medium pore zeolites. Similarity with medium pore zeolites is displayed by an outstanding resistance to coke induced deactivation and by a variety of shape selective actions in catalysis. The excellent selectivities observed with medium pore aluminophosphate based sieves is attributed to a unique combination of mild acidity and shape selectivity. Selectivity is also enhanced by the presence of transition metal framework constituents such as cobalt and manganese which may exert a chemical influence on reaction intermediates. 

The catalytic properties of the aluminophosphate molecular sieves are also influenced by chemical composition. The introduction of transition metals into framework positions enhances the activity and selectivity for olefin isomerization relative to the silicoaluminophosphates. The transition metal containing aluminophosphates are also surprisingly more selective for Cs aromatic rearrangements than the corresponding SAPO molecular sieves, an effect which can not be attributed solely to improved shape selectivity. 

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