Irving

Irving-Williams order The stabilities of series of complexes with different metals fall into the sequence... 

As anticipated, the complexation is characterised by negative p-values, indicating that the binding process is favoured by electron donating substituents. The order of the p-values for complexation of the different Lewis-acids again follows the Irving-Williams series. 

The effect of substituents on the rate of the reaction catalysed by different metal ions has also been studied Correlation with resulted in perfectly linear Hammett plots. Now the p-values for the four Lewis-acids are of comparable magnitude and do not follow the Irving-Williams order. Note tlrat the substituents have opposing effects on complexation, which is favoured by electron donating substituents, and reactivity, which is increased by electron withdrawirg substituents. The effect on the reactivity is clearly more pronounced than the effect on the complexation equilibrium. 

A clear cut answer was provided by Irving Roberts and Harold C Urey of Colum bia University in 1938 They prepared methanol that had been enriched in the mass 18 isotope of oxygen When this sample of methanol was esterified with benzoic acid the... 

Chlorine Handbook, Diamond Shamrock Chemical Co., Irving, Tex. 1984. 

E. Hals and co-workers, in Prof, of 20th Sjmposium on Engineering Aspects of MHD, Irving, Calif.,June 1982, pp. 1.1.1—1.1.9. 

D. T. Jamieson, J. B. Irving, andj. S. Eiquid Thermal Conductivity Data Survej to /5 7i, National Engineering Laboratory, Edinburgh,... 

D. Irving, Graphite, MineralFacts andProblems, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C., 1960. 

FIG. 22-4 Cl irves for progressive freezing, showing solute concentration C in the solid versus fraction-solidified X (Pfann, Zone Melting, 2d ed., Wileij, New York, 1966, p. 12. )... 

The protonation equilibria for nine hydroxamic acids in solutions have been studied pH-potentiometrically via a modified Irving and Rossotti technique. The dissociation constants (p/fa values) of hydroxamic acids and the thermodynamic functions (AG°, AH°, AS°, and 5) for the successive and overall protonation processes of hydroxamic acids have been derived at different temperatures in water and in three different mixtures of water and dioxane (the mole fractions of dioxane were 0.083, 0.174, and 0.33). Titrations were also carried out in water ionic strengths of (0.15, 0.20, and 0.25) mol dm NaNOg, and the resulting dissociation constants are reported. A detailed thermodynamic analysis of the effects of organic solvent (dioxane), temperature, and ionic strength on the protonation processes of hydroxamic acids is presented and discussed to determine the factors which control these processes. 

M. Irving, J. Cournoyer, R.S. Li, C. Santos and B. Yan, Qualitative and quantitative analyses of resin-bound organic compounds. Comb Chem High Throughput Screening 4 353-362 2001. 

Figure 11.3. Portraits of Irving Langmuir (1881 1957) and Katharine Blodgell (1898 1979) (after...

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