Sphere complexes, Irving—Williams

Exceptions to the two Irving-Williams orders for inner sphere complexes occur particularly when complexes with more than four ligands or large, assymetric ligands are compared (12). Stability constant sequences for weak outer sphere complexes, such as are formed with chloride ( 1) and fluoride (16, 40), do not obey the Irving-Williams orders. 2+... 

A number of observers have reported on the adsorption affinity of different metal cations for clays (cf. Farrah et al. 1980) and for hydrous oxides, organic matter, soils, and sediments (cf. Kin-niburgh and Jackson 1982 Loux et al. 1989). There is evidence that the adsorption tendency of divalent transition elements by hydrous oxides often follows the Irving-Williams order (see Chap. 3). This suggests that the absorbed metal cations form inner sphere complexes which occupy the zero plane, and that the sequence of decreasing adsorption tendency is... 

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