Irrigation events

Diffusion and dispersion occur in both the liquid and vapor phases. In the vadose zone, liquid-phase dispersion is a major factor following a rainfall (or irrigation) event. Dispersion of vapor phase can also occur. Driving forces for vapor and dispersion are gravity and variations of atmospheric pressure (or SVE/air sparge operations). 

Con 2 Phenolic acids were rapidly lost from surface wheat cover crop residues after desiccation and thus release of phenolic acids to soils was limited in time, roughly 3 or 4 weeks, for the cover crop residues tested. The rate of and time for depletion of phenolic acids from surface residues was determined largely by the extent and frequency of rainfall/irrigation events. For most of the growing season phenolic acids in soil extracts were, in fact, largely derived from older decomposed... 

Toxaphene. Toxaphene is apparently strongly adsorbed and should not move in the soil profile. Because of its strong sorptive interaction with soils, some material may erode into surface waters during irrigation or precipitation events. There is no evidence for oxidation, hydrolysis, or biodegradation (29). Photolysis probably would not occur. However, volatilization is... 

In the event of contamination of the eyes, common treatment includes irrigation with copious amounts of tepid water or physiological saline for at least 15 minutes and, in the event of persistent irritation, pain, swelling, or photophobia, expert ophthalmologic consultation. In the event of acute poisoning, transport... 

There are historic reports of floods in the area (32 J. Rutherford, personal communication) and of an earthquake in 18 B.C. (33). The movement of the expansive Esna shale bed formation that underlies the whole area is also a source of disruption (32). The Esna shale bed formation, which contains montmorillonite clay, swells upon hydration by about 12.5% (32). Therefore, if an adequate amount of water is available, for example from increased irrigation, humidification, or flooding, the movement of this shale formation accelerates. Collectively, these dramatic natural events are the most probable causes of the loss of plaster and painted murals in the lower chamber of the tomb prior to its discovery, and they increasingly (32) threaten tombs in the Thebes area. 

In the event of a suspected chemical injury to a patient, first responders and clinicians must remember to wear appropriate PPE to prevent secondary exposure during transport from the scene and during irrigation (Sanford Herndon, 2002). 

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