Irradiation temperature effects

While the chemical and organoleptic results cannot be directly correlated, it should be remembered that only a small fraction of the known chemical products were included in this investigation. Investigation of irradiation temperature effects on yields of other chemical products may well produce better correlation with flavor scores. 

R.B. Jones and T.J. Wiliams, The dependence of radiation hardening and embrittlement on irradiation temperature . Effects of Radiation on Materials 17th International Symposium, ASTNl STP1270, D.S. Gelles, R.K. Nanstad, A.S. Kumar and E.A. Little, eds, American Society for Testing and Materials, West... 

The third term in Eq. 7, K, is the contribution to the basal plane thermal resistance due to defect scattering. Neutron irradiation causes various types of defects to be produced depending on the irradiation temperature. These defects are very effective in scattering phonons, even at flux levels which would be considered modest for most nuclear applications, and quickly dominate the other terms in Eq. 7. Several types of in-adiation-induced defects have been identified in graphite. For irradiation temperatures lower than 650°C, simple point defects in the form of vacancies or interstitials, along with small interstitial clusters, are the predominant defects. Moreover, at an irradiation temperatui-e near 150°C [17] the defect which dominates the thermal resistance is the lattice vacancy. 

A role is also played by the temperature and frequency dependence of the photocurrent, the variable surface sensitivity at various parts of the cathode and the vector effect of polarized radiation [40]. All the detectors discussed below are electronic components whose electrical properties vary on irradiation. The effects depend on external (photocells, photomultipliers) or internal photo effects (photoelements, photodiodes). 

The conformational preference of the monosulfoxides of 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-dithianes (179-181) were determined by NMR experiments which included variable-temperature studies, double irradiation, solvent effects and the influence of lanthanide shift reagents167. For 179 and 181, the axial conformers were the dominant species in CD3OD, but for 180, the equatorial conformer was in excess. 

Studying in addition the effect of irradiation temperature, presence or absence of air, gamma irradiation, and thermal annealing, Grossmann found results which can be summarized as follows ... 

Effects of wavelength of irradiating light and irradiation temperature 134... 

The aspect of exposure is important in respect of the irradiance, temperature and the effect of rain. 

The reaction of hexaphenylbenzene (250) with an excess of metallic lithium, activated by ultrasonic irradiation, was effected by Bock and coworkers ". The reaction is carried out at room temperature and is accompanied by the release of hydrogen gas, caused by the formation of two additional C—C bonds (Scheme 89). The resulting dihthium... 

For irradiation at 313 m/, the reactor consisted of a 6- X 2-inch o.d. cylindrical borosilicate glass tube fitted directly to the mass spectrometer by a 24/40 joint. A Hanovia analytical lamp, having an estimated output of 325 watts, was mounted externally alongside the tube. The radiation received by the samples inside the tube was filtered through borosilicate glass and was essentially 313 m/. The ambient temperature within the reactor during irradiation was 25 °C. Some comparative experiments were carried out at 70 °C. with additional heating. There was no detectable temperature effect between 25° and 70°C., and the results reported here are for 25 °C. 

Table III. Temperature Effects in the Irradiation of PS-MIPK Copolymer Films at 313 nm in N2...

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