Irradiation applications

Kuusisto, J., Mikkola, J.-P., Salmi, T., and Murzin, D. (2006) Suppression of catalyst deactivation by means of acoustic irradiation - application on fine and specialty chemicals. Chem. Eng.J., 120, 91-98. 

The National Centre for Food Safety Technology, is spearheading several packaging related efforts to expand the fist of polymers that can be used for packaging in food irradiation applications. This comprehensive article explains and describes the current situation in the field of irradiated foods and packaging and provides an update on impending approval for processed and red meats. The industry is concerned to uphold and maintain public confidence in the processed food and irradiated food supply. 

B6. Buscarlet, L., Grass , J., Creminon, C., Pradelles, R, Dupret-Carruel, J., Jolivet, M., and Mons, S., Cross-linking of 17/i-estradiol to monoclonal antibodies by direct UV irradiation Application to an enzyme immunometric assay. Anal. Chem. 71, 1002-1008 (1999). 

Proper control of food irradiation applications should fulfill the requirements for both food technologies and radiation technologies. Application of well-established methods for measurement of absorbed radiation dose and the dose distribution helps to provide assurance that the radiation treatment is both effective and legally correct [133]. Computer tomography (CT) can provide detailed, high-resolution, and accurate dose maps for any arbitrary product and package configurations [134]. Such dose maps are an essential part of process validation. 

Kiryanov, A.A., Sampson, R and Seed, A.J., Synthesis of 2-alkoxy-substituted thiophenes, 1,3-thiazoles, and related S-heterocycles via LawessoiTs reagent-mediated cyclization under microwave irradiation applications for liquid crystal synthesis, /. Org. Chem., 2001, 66, 7925-7929. 

The fission product and encapsulation plant (FPCE) to be built by Isochem, Inc.y in Washington state will produce fully encapsulated fission products for the commercial market. Among these, all of which are extractable from Hanford s plutonium process residues, is cesium-137, a 600-kv. gamma emitter of interest to the process irradiation industry. Isochem will offer cesium in large production quantities and low cost to irradiators of foods, woods, chemicals, etc. Its 30-year half-life promises economies in source array replenishment to compensate for decay. Cesium thus becomes an economic contender for current and planned irradiation applications. 

There is an early report in the literature claiming absence of the autocatalytic reaction enhancement in TS if the reaction is induced by UV-excitation of the monomer crystal. The implication would be that thermal and UV-polymerization involve different mechanisms. Later on, however. Chance and Patel found this to be an artifact caused by the neglect of spatially inhomogeneous absorption by polymer molecules which effectively competes with monomer excitation at increasing conversion and prematurely terminates the reaction. Although it is difficult to correct X(t)-curves obtained under UV-excitation for polymer absorption quantitatively, particularly if irradiation is done with unpolarized non-monochromatic light, it turns out that there is a qualitative agreement between X(t)-curves obtained under y-and UV-irradiation. Application of this correction, however, does not solve the puzzle why in case of y- or UV-polymerization of TS, the reaction rate increases less dramatically with conversion, than observed upon thermal conversion. 

V. Pimienta, D. Lavabre, G. Levy, A. Samat, R. Guglielmetti, and J. C. Micheau, Kinetic analysis of photochromic systems under continuous irradiation. Application to spiropyrans, J. Phys. Chem. 100, 4485 1490(1996). 

The dichromate dosimeter solution is of importance mainly for radiation sterilization and food irradiation applications both for gamma and electron dosimetry. Due to its very good reproducibility, the system is classified as a reference standard system (ASTM E 2628-2009) in the 5-50 kGy dose range and used widely also as a transfer standard dosimeter. 

Chatzisymeon E, Droumpali A, Mantzavinos D, Venieri D (2011) Disinfection of water and wastewater by UV-A and UV-C irradiation application of real-time PCR method. Photochem Photobiol Sci 10 389-395... 

Heitz, J., Olhrich, M., Motote, S., Romanin, C., Svordk, V., and Bauerle, D. (2005) Surface modification of polymers by UV-irradiation applications in micro-and biotechnology. Proc. SPIE, 5958, 466-471. 

V. Singh, J. Singh, K.P Kaurd, G.L. Kad, Acceleration of the Pechmann reaction by microwave irradiation application to the preparation of... 

Arvanitoyannis IS, Stratakos A, Tsarouhas P. 2009b. Irradiation applications in vegetables and fruits a review. Grit Rev Food Sci Nutr 49 427 62. 

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