Iron biogenic

Probably, iron of biogenic magnetite was originated from hydrothermal solution. It is considered that ferric iron of hydrothermal solution was oxidized by iron oxidizing bacteria to form magnetite. 

Major problems in oil and gas operations result from the biogenic formation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the reservoir. The presence of H2S results in increased corrosion, iron sulfide formation, higher operating costs, and reduced revenue and constitutes a serious environmental and health hazard. 

General reference W. Schneider, Iron Hydrolysis and the Biochemistry of Iron -The Interplay of Hydroxide and Biogenic Ligands, Chimia 42, 9-20 (1988). 

Fredrickson JK, Zachara JM, Kennedy DW, Dong H, Onstott TC, Hinman NW, Li S (1998) Biogenic iron mineralization accompanying the dissimilatory reduction of hydrous ferric oxide by a groundwater bacterium. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62 3239-3257... 

Roden EE, Zachara JM (1996) Microbial reduction of crystalline iron(III) oxides influence of oxide surface area and potential for cell growth. Environ Sci Technol 30 1618-1628 Roden EE, Urrutia MM (2002) Influence of biogenic Fe(II) on bacterial reduction of crystalline Fe(lll) oxides. Geomicrobio J 19 209-251... 

Nodules formed via suboxic diagenesis tend to have a low iron content because most is precipitated as FeS below the redox boimdary. This is true for other trace metals, such as Cu and Ni, which form highly insoluble sulfides. Because biogenic grains tend to be incorporated in these nodules, all metal concentrations tend to be low, making these nodules economically unattractive. 

Mann, S. Cornell, R.M. Schwertmann, U. (1985) The influence of aluminium on iron oxides XII. High-resolution transmission electron microscopic (HRTEM) study of aluminous goethites. Clay Min. 20 255-262 Mann, S. Perry, C.C. Webb, J. Luke, B. Wil-liams, R.J.P. (1986) Structure, morphology, composition and organization of biogenic minerals in limpet teeth. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 

Ghiorse.W.E. (2002) Effed of oxide formation mechanisms on lead adsorption by biogenic manganese hydroxides and their mixtures. Environ. Sci. Techn. 36 421-425 Nembrini, G. Buffle, J. Haerdi, W. (1976) Vol-tametric behavior of iron(III) hydrolyzed solutions and characterization of the reducible species. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 57 327-336 Nesson, M.H. Lowenstam, H.A. (1985) Biomineralization proceses of radula teeth of chitons. In Kirschvink, J.L. Stone, D.S. (eds.) Magnetite biomineralization and magneto reception in organisms. Plenum Press, New York, 333-363... 

Ciccioli, P., C. Fabozzi, E. Brancaleoni, A. Cecinato, M. Frattoni, S. Cieslik, D. Kotzias, G. Seufert, P. Foster, and R. Steinbrecher, Biogenic Emission from the Mediterranean Pseudosteppe Ecosystem Present in Castelporziano, Atmos. Em-iron, 31, 167-175 (1997). 

Grosjean, D., E. L. Williams, II, E. Grosjean, J. M. Andino, and J. H. Seinfeld, Atmospheric Oxidation of Biogenic Hydrocarbons Reaction of Ozone with /J-Pinene, d-Limonene, and trans-Caryophyllene, Em iron. Sci. Techriol., 27, 2754-2758 (1993a). 

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