Magnetite biogenic

Probably, iron of biogenic magnetite was originated from hydrothermal solution. It is considered that ferric iron of hydrothermal solution was oxidized by iron oxidizing bacteria to form magnetite. 

Fig. 7.14 Normalized decrease of the magnetization for magnetites of different origin. Whole cells refer to magnetotactic bacteria, extracted to biogenic magnetite extracted form these. The number indicates the size of synthetic magnetite crystals in nm (modified from Moskovitz etal., 1993, with permission).

Biogenic hpidocrodte was first discovered by Lowenstam (1967) in the radula teeth of a chiton. The crystals are lath-shaped and several tenths of xm long with terminal 101 faces (Webb et al., 1989) (see Fig. 4.14a). The lepidocrocite is often associated with magnetite and ferrihydrite suggesting an Fe" precursor (see Chap. 13). 

Biogenic magnetite may persist once the organism that produced it has died and may, therefore, contribute to the natural magnetic remanence of sediments (Stolz et al., 1986). The discovery in a calcareous Martian ( ) meteorite found in Antarctica, of magnetite crystals with properties very similar to these biogenic magnetites, sup-... 

D.A. (1993) Rock magnetic criteria for the detection of biogenic magnetite. Earth Planetary Sci. Letters 120 283-300 Moukassi, M. Gougeon, M. Steinmetz, P. Dupre, B. Gleitzer, C. (1984) Hydrogen reduction of single crystals of wiistite doped with Mg, Mn, Ca, A1 and Si. Met. Trans. 15B 383-390... 

Ghiorse.W.E. (2002) Effed of oxide formation mechanisms on lead adsorption by biogenic manganese hydroxides and their mixtures. Environ. Sci. Techn. 36 421-425 Nembrini, G. Buffle, J. Haerdi, W. (1976) Vol-tametric behavior of iron(III) hydrolyzed solutions and characterization of the reducible species. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 57 327-336 Nesson, M.H. Lowenstam, H.A. (1985) Biomineralization proceses of radula teeth of chitons. In Kirschvink, J.L. Stone, D.S. (eds.) Magnetite biomineralization and magneto reception in organisms. Plenum Press, New York, 333-363... 

Biogenic magnetite magnetotactic bacteria protoctists. mollusks. arthropods, fish, birds human brain, meteorite )... 

Kirschvink, J.L., and Gould, J.L., Biogenic magnetite as a basis for magnetic field detection in animals. Biosystems, 13, 181, 1981. 

Masuda, T., Endo, J., Osakabe, N., Tonomura, A., and Arii, T., Morphology and structure of biogenic magnetite particles. Nature, 302, 411, 1983. 

Chaudhuri, S. K., Lack, J. G., and Coates, J. D. (2001). Biogenic magnetite formation through anaerobic biooxidation of Fe(II). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, 2844-2848. 

Chaudhry GR, MacGregor CH (1983) Cytochrome b from Escherichia coli nitrate reductase. Its properties and association with the enzyme complex. J Biol Chem 258 5819-5827 Chaudhry GR, Suzuki I, Lees H (1980) Cytochrome oxidase of Nitrobacter agilis isolation by hydrophobic chromatography. Can J Microbiol 26 1270-1274 Chaudhuri SK, Lack JG, Coates JD (2001) Biogenic magnetite formation through anaerobic biooxidation of Fe(II). Appl Environ Microbiol 67 2844—2848 Cheeseman P, Toms-Wood A, Wolfe RS (1972) Isolation and properties of a fluorescent-compound, Factor 420, from Methanobacterium strain M.o.H. J Bacteriol 112 527-531... 

Bradley JP, McSween HY Jr, Harvey RP (1998) Epitaxial growth of nanophase magnetite in martian meteorite Allan HiUs 84001 Implications for biogenic mineralization. Meteorit Planet Sci 33 765-773... 

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