Irganox 1010 antioxidant

C. Ethylene Glycol Chain Extender Effects. Figure 6 shows the polymerization viscosity-time-temperature relations for a thermoplastic poly(ester-urethane) elastomer, Polymer 10, made from monomers VII, IV, and XI (Table I). VII is low acid number PTAd (0.15) and XI is ethylene glycol chain extender. The polymerization charge also contained 0.25% (on charge) of Irganox 1010 antioxidant. 

TABLE 3.3 Chemiluminescence Under Nitrogen at 170°C of Metallocene Polyethylene Films Containing the Nano and Micron Grade Titania Pigments at 0.5% w/w Concentrations with 0.05% w/w Irganox 1010 Antioxidant Together with Control Unpigmented Samples... 

Figure 16.6. Stabilization of polypropylene with Irganox 1010 antioxidant (AO) and Irgafos 168 phosphite (Ph). The total amount of stabilizers was kept constant at 0.1 wt%. The data show variation of the melt flow rate (MFR) measured at 230°C using 2.16 kg weight on the plunger. The lower (points) and upper (triangles) set of data show the MFR after one and flve extrusions at 280°C. Data [Zweifel, 1998].

Table 1.3 Analysis of Irganox 1010 antioxidant in molten polyethylene ...

On DSC-curves of the materials stabilized by Irganox 1010 antioxidant, the OIT value changes can be traced depending on the content of pentae-rythritol tetrakis [3-(3, 5 -di-tert-butyl-4 -hydroxyphenyl)propionate] of this... 

Albarino demonstrated the feasibility of quantitative ultraviolet analysis of Irganox 1010 antioxidant in polyethylene film at temperatures above the polymer melting point where the crystallites, which account for much of the scattering, are eliminated. 

Applications Extraction is typically accomplished by refluxing the polymer in an appropriate solvent for l-48h [84,199]. In many cases, ultrasonic exposure reduces the extraction time [90,200], According to Table 3.5 there are several reports of US extraction from polymers. Ultrasonic extraction has been used for HDPE/(BHT, Irganox antioxidants, Isonox, Cyasorb, Am 340, MD 1024, Irgafos 168) [56], LDPE/Chimassorb 81 [201], SBR/tri(nonylphenyl) phosphite [200], HDPE/(Tinuvin 770, Chimassorb 944) [114], etc. Nielson [90] compared the recoveries obtained for a variety of analytes from PP, LDPE and HDPE with Soxhlet, ultrasonic bath and microwave oven. For all samples, the ultrasonic extraction could be achieved within 1 h. For LDPE and PP most compounds (except Irganox 1010) were extracted within 10 min. Further experiments by Nielson [56] on extraction from HDPE confirmed these results. Where phosphite antioxidants (such as Irgafos 168) are present the use of the solvent mixture DCM-cyclohexane was preferred as it prevented hydrolysis of the phosphite by extraction solvents such as alcohols [56]. Similarly, phosphite esters also undergo hydrolysis... 

CIBA-GEIGY Technical bulletins, Irganox 1098 (Apr. 1974) Irgafos 168 in Combination with Irganox Antioxidants (Oct. 1989), CIBA-GEIGY Corp., Ardsley, N.Y. 

Ciba-Geigy owes its leading position to a number of factors long perseverance in the specialty, an efficient research base through which the universally used Irganox antioxidants were developed, application services adapted to all the polymers requiring stabilization, worldwide production units estab-... 

Irganox, Antioxidants, Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp., Additives Div. 

Antioxidants. Antioxidants are rarely needed because of the highly saturated nature of the polymer chains. If protection against severe environmental ageing conditions is needed, typical antioxidants (Ethanox 702, Irganox 1010) can be added. In some cases, zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate (0.05-0.2 wt%) or butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) can be used as stabilizers. 

Process 4, conversion of peroxy radicals to hydroperoxides can be interrupted by traditional primary antioxidants (see Fig. 16). The fastest reacting primary antioxidants are the aromatic amines (e.g. Naugard 445). However, these materials yellow upon exposure to UV light which restricts their applieations. More common in adhesives are the hindered phenol types of which numerous types are available, with Irganox 1010 the most common choice for adhesives. 

SFE has also been used to analyse phenanthrene in PET and PMMA [404]. Nazem and Taylor [405] used SFE to determine antioxidant (Irganox 1010/1076, Irgafos 168) recovery from variously TEGDMA cross-linked polymethacrylates (PMMA, PEMA, PBMA). 

The pressurised dissolution/cooling procedure of Macko el al. [490], which uses a UV-transparent low-boiling point solvent, is fast and simple as no additional evaporation of the solvent, preconcentration or redissolution of the additive is necessary. Macko el al. [491] have given an extensive listing of HPLC analyses of aromatic antioxidants and UVAs which can be separated with n-heptane and n-hexane as the main component of the mobile phase. The method was also used for HPLC quantification of thioether antioxidants (Santonox R, Chimox 14 and Irganox PS 802) in MDPE [612],... 

A few other successful 13C 1-NMR determinations should be mentioned. Hunt et al. [28] used 13C NMR to characterise fractions of extracted analytes of PAG and sorbitan ester samples and identified Irganox 1010. H and 13C NMR have been used to identify the main organic components of a breathable diaper back-sheet as LLDPE and pentaerythritol tetra-octyl ester (PETO) [233]. The equally present AOs Irganox 1010 and Irgafos 168 were not detected without extraction. Barendswaard et al. [234] have reported fully assigned 13C solution spectra of these two antioxidants. Chimas-sorb 944 in a polyamide matrix can be determined by H or 13C 1-NMR using solvents such as formic acid, trifluoroacetic acid or trifluoroethanol [235], Both H and 13C NMR have been used to follow the chemistry of a bis-phenoxidemethylaluminum complex (reaction product of BHT and trimethylaluminum) by exposure in air. Pierre and van Bree [216] also used 13C NMR to... 

Polypropylene contains Irganox 1076 antioxidant. b Commercial cal-cium stearate contains both stearate and palmitate. After Lattimer [37]. Reprinted from Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol. 26, R. P. Lattimer, pp. 65-92, Copyright (1993), with permission from Elsevier. 

On-line SFE-pSFC-FTIR was used to identify extractable components (additives and monomers) from a variety of nylons [392]. SFE-SFC-FID with 100% C02 and methanol-modified scC02 were used to quantitate the amount of residual caprolactam in a PA6/PA6.6 copolymer. Similarly, the more permeable PS showed various additives (Irganox 1076, phosphite AO, stearic acid - ex Zn-stearate - and mineral oil as a melt flow controller) and low-MW linear and cyclic oligomers in relatively mild SCF extraction conditions [392]. Also, antioxidants in PE have been analysed by means of coupling of SFE-SFC with IR detection [121]. Yang [393] has described SFE-SFC-FTIR for the analysis of polar compounds deposited on polymeric matrices, whereas Ikushima et al. [394] monitored the extraction of higher fatty acid esters. Despite the expectations, SFE-SFC-FTIR hyphenation in on-line additive analysis of polymers has not found widespread industrial use. While applications of SFC-FTIR and SFC-MS to the analysis of additives in polymeric matrices are not abundant, these techniques find wide application in the analysis of food and natural product components [395]. 

---